毕业设计,外文翻译,起重机.doc

二 ○ 一 三 届毕业设计

外文翻译

学 院： 工程机械学院
专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化
姓 名： 赵国超
学 号： 2504090516
指导教师： 陈新轩
完成时间： 2013 年 3 月 27 日

Type of Cranes
起重机的类型

Cranes can be classified into four kinds, namely, (a) overhead traveling crane; (b) jib crane; (c) bridge or gantry crane; and (d) cantilever crane.
起重机可分为四类：高架移动起重机、动臂起重机、桥式或门式起重机、悬臂吊车。
Overhead traveling crane. Consists of a girder and a trolley. The girder is supported at each end on trucks capable of traveling on elevated fixed tracks. The trolley is equipped with hoisting and other mechanism, capable of traversing from end to end of such girder. The girder and associated end carriages are known as the bridge.
高架移动起重机由横梁和空中吊运装置组成。横梁靠固定道轨支承，并且可以在轨上来回移动。空中吊运装置由提升装置和其他装置组成，可以从横梁的一端运动到另一端。横梁和与之相连的框架统称为桥。
Such cranes vary in lifting capacity from about 2 tons to 400 tons, and in span from 20 ft to 150 ft,or more. Depending on the purpose for which it is to be used, the crane can be operated either from a cabin fixed to the bridge or the trolley, or from the ground. When two trolleys are furnished, these may run on a common tracks arranged side-by-side or one above the other so that each trolley can traverse the entire span.
这些的起重机囊括了起重量从2吨到400吨，跨度从20英尺到150英尺的各种类型。根据目的不同,在机舱工作的起重机常在桥或空中吊运装置进行控制,其他情况控制装置常在地面。当两个空中吊运装置安装完毕，他们就能在同一道轨上并行或上下交错的并行，以确保每个空中吊运装置都能在整个横梁上移动。
Jib crane
动臂起重机
Consists of an inclined member, or jib, capable of suspending a load at its outer end. The jib is supported by a rope or other member attached to a vertical mast of frame. The out reach of the jib can be constant or variable, and the crane as a whole may be either fixed or movable.
动臂起重机有能在它的外侧提升重物的倾斜动臂。动臂通过绳索或其他方式连接到垂直的框架上。动臂可以是定长或者可伸缩的。起重机可以是固定式或移动式。
Included in this kind are: mobile and caterpillar cranes, builders tower cranes, wharf cranes, and movable cranes mounted on high pedestals, gantries, pontoons and barges.
这一类的起重机包括：移动和履带起重机,建筑商,码头起重机、塔式起重机和可移动的安装在高台子,井架,浮筒和驳船上的起重机。
Lifting capacities vary from 1/2 ton to 300 tons or more, and outreaches from a few feet to 150 ft. Cranes required for handling heavy machinery and equipment in shipyards and at ports are frequently mounted on pontoons.
起重能力不同从1/2吨到300吨不等,动臂可伸展范围从几英尺到150英尺。需要在船厂、港口处理重型机械和设备的起重机经常安装在驳船。
Bridge or gantry crane.
桥式起重机
Bridge or gantry crane. Consists of a bridge girder, connected at near both ends to upright members, which may be fixed or arranged to travel on a fixed track, and the load is suspended from a trolley or crane, capable or traversing from end to end of the bridge.
桥式起重机的横梁通过道轨连接在垂直支架，可以在固定的道轨上移动。重物被空中吊运装置提升，并且能从桥的一端移动到另一端。
Cranes of this kind have lifting capacities varying from end to end of the bridge. When used in general and bulk-storage yards, the tracks may be of broad or narrow gauge. The tipping moment of the loaded crane is kept within proper limits by a counterweight which is moved along an independent track on the bridge above the trolley.
这类起重机能提升桥覆盖范围的所有重物。当需要提升大吨位的货物时，轨道通常选用宽或窄的铁轨。在桥上安装有一平衡物，它可以在吊运装置上方的轨道上，独立运动。它用来平衡起重机的力矩。
Cantilever crane.
悬臂起重机
Cantilever crane. Consists of horizontal and vertical members the former, known as the cantilever, being fixed to or totating in a horizontal plane about the axis of the vertical member. On the cantilever is formed a track which supports a movable trolley from which the load is suspended.
悬臂起重机由水平的横梁和垂直的支架组成。水平的横梁称为悬臂。悬臂可以是固定的，也可以是能够以支架作为轴线在水平面内转动的。提升装置通过滑轨与悬臂相连。
The mechanism for hoisting and traversing is usually mounted on a rear extension of the cantilever. Although such cranes may be fixed or movable, those of large capacity are usually fixed. Lifting capacities, height of lift and outreach vary between wide limits. When used for the fitting out of ships, light loads are handled by an auxiliary hoist which may be mounted on a jib crane arranged to travel on track. The main lifting mechanism usually consists of two winches which can be operated independently or in concert. A typical fitting-out crane may be of 250 tons capacity with a total outreach of 180 ft and a lifting height of 200 ft.
提升和滑移的机构常安装在悬臂的后方。虽然这类的起重机可以是固定的，也可以是可移动的，但那些大型的都是固定的。提升重物大小，重量以及可延伸范围受到宽度的限制。当用于船舶起吊时，轻型的起重机常在动臂起重机滑轨上安装有辅助提升装置。主要的提升机构包括两个即可独立运动也可同步运动的绞盘。典型的舾装起重机是250吨，悬臂延展量180英尺，垂直提升高度200英尺。
Wharf Cranes
码头吊车
A wharf crane is any crane located on a wharf or pier, and particularly adapted to the transfer of cargo between the wharf or pier and the hold of the vessel alongside; it is also called a cargo crane, although the latter term is more general, as it comprises also parts of the cargo-handling gear of a vessel. Owing to the varying spacing of vessel hatchways, the wharf crane in most cases must be capable of movement along the wharf, and hence is generally mounted on a runway. Other requirements are sufficient horizontal reach to cover the hatchway,sufficient length of host to raise the load from the bottom of the hold to a point entirely clear of the vessel, and rapidity and economy on operation.
任何安置在码头上的起重机都可成为码头起重机，特别是指那些用于码头与船舶间货物移运的起重机，它也可以称为货物起重机，（货物起重机的含义广泛），因为它属于船舶货物起重机械的一部分。因为船舶舱口的位置不定，所以绝大多数的码头起重机必须能在码头上移动，通常它们被安装在铁轨上。码头起重机的其它要求包括悬臂足够水平，吊绳长度足够以便搬移货物到船上指定的位置，操作上的高效与经济。
Types much used as wharf cranes are single or double portal gantries or traveling bridges on the wharf shed roof, carrying rotating bridges on cantilever gantries with folding extensions over the hatchways; gantries with inclined cantilever jibs; also of the derrick type.
这类码头起重机通常是指有一个或者两个动力机构的桥式或悬臂式起重机。他们常被安在码头仓库屋顶位置。悬臂以支架为轴转动，从而达到吊运的目的。支架上连接有倾斜的起重臂或悬臂。
In the handling of general cargo, as contrasted to bulk cargo, a broader view in analyzing the situation has to be taken. Diversity of shape, size and weight precludes the possibility of using elevators or conveyors to any great extent, while the necessity of sorting and piling in allotted places on the wharf makes the transporter, with its rather limited area of discharge, unsuitable.
在通常的货物吊运中，必须有开阔的视野以确定放置位置，但，在这点上，码头大吨位吊运却与之相反。货物形状，体积，重量的多变性排除使用提升机和传送机的可能性，同时，货物需要在分派的地点分堆有次序的码放，让在码头使用运输机成为不可能。
The traveling portal crane, having a boom capable of being luffed as well swung, is much used as a wharf crane. One of the chief disadvantages, however, which the ordinary luffing crane works under is that when the boom is luffed-in the load suspended from the top of the boom is simultaneously raised; conversely, as the boom is lowered, the load falls by a corresponding amount. This, obviously,is a loss of work and means an unnecessarily large motor to work the luffing gear.
悬臂起重机成为码头起重机的原因之一是它有一个与支架成90º且可以在平面内转动的悬臂。然而，它有一个重大的缺点：当悬臂水平转动时，悬挂在悬臂上的货物会随之缓慢提升。只有，当吊杆位于较低位置时，货物提升相同的高度。显然，这意味着能量的损失和一个本不需要的用于驱动摆动装置的大功率马达。
To overcome this objection a number of different designs of a type of crane known as the level-luffing crane have been developed, and these cranes are now extensively used as wharf cranes. In this type of cranes a compensating gear in some form or another is provided whereby the load is made to travel along a horizontal path irrespective of the rise and fall of the hoisting pulley caused by the luffing-in or out of the boom.
为了弥补这一缺陷，一类有着独特设计的起重机迅速发展，它被称为水平起重机，目前，它已经被广泛运用于码头起重。这类起重机有一个补偿齿轮组，它能使货物在同一水平面内运动，而无需考虑动臂摆动引起的提升。
In selecting the most economical crane for handling general cargo, the average and maximum weights of the individual pieces of cargo must be taken into consideration. The frequency with which 60-ton lifts are likely to be encountered is exceedingly low, also 20-ton lifts are quite uncommon, so that it would be out of reason to install on any single dock a number of cranes capable of handling such weights. This most popular general-cargo cranes in use at present are from 5~10 tons’ capacity.
当选择用于常见货物吊运的经济性时，单一货物最大和平均起重量是必须考虑的因素。如果，60吨位的起吊频率极低，20吨位的起吊也非常少，那么就没有理由购置这一吨位的起重机。目前，最常用的起重机起重量为5到10吨。

Mobile Cranes
移动式起重机

The two-axle mobile crane sector has undergone a radical re-appraisal in recent years. What started off as a “mini crane” concept in Japan to cope with that country’s acute site and road congestion about five years ago ultimately blossomed into Tadamo Government sponsored Grevo “concept crane of the future”-----has now taken root in Europe.
近年来，两轴的移动起重机行业经历了一个激烈的变革。它最早发源于日本为应对本国的严重的站点和道路拥堵而发展的“迷你起重机”，大约五年前最终发展成“Tadamo”——政府赞助的Grevo”概念起重机的未来”。而现在它在欧洲扎根。
The chief pioneer of the two-axle re-think in Europe is commonly held to be Compact Truck of Switzerl and Spezialmaschinen of Germany. Although single cab two axle mobile cranes are not entirely new-----both Coles and Gottwald made cranes in years gone by -----even rival manufacturers secretly admit to be being impressed by Compact Truck’s CT2 hydrostatic-drive mobile crane, although some question its economic viability in a world of low hire-out rates. Compact Truck is out to prove the sceptics wrong, however, and after quietly
building up rental fleets in eastern Germany, sales have now taken off this for the CT2 abroad with around 130 units in current operation around the world.
在欧洲，反思双轴式的首席先锋是瑞士的紧凑型车和德国Spezialmaschinen。虽然单驾驶室两轴移动起重机不是全新的——但近年，Coles和Gottwald使过去的起重机过时了——虽然CT2在出租率较低的起重机世界中有着经济可行性的问题，但其竞争对手的制造商也秘密承认被CT2静压传动紧凑车的移动吊车所影响。
Unsurprisingly then, Europe’s big mobile manufacturers have been looking closely at their own ranges. This culminated last month with the launch o Mannesmann Demag’s 25t AC75. Like the CT2, the AC75 has a single operator/driver’s cab, and has an automatic transmission. The crane has a width of 6.7m, clearance height of 3m and is powered by a 156kW diesel engine. GVW in travel mode is 20t. The main boom, which features Demag’s ovaloid profile design, is 25m long, and tip height with boom extensions is 40m.
然而不出所料,欧洲的大型移动式起重机制造商一直密切关注自己行业。振臂一呼，于上个月推出 o Mannesmann Demag’s 25t AC75。和一样CT2,AC75只有一个驾驶室,并有自动变速器。起重机宽为6.7米,净高3米,有一个156千瓦柴油发动机。最大起重量为20 t。大臂有Demag’s ovaloid profile的独特设计，长25m，最大提升高度40m。
One major rental company to put its faith in the AC75 is Baldwins of the UK, which has ordered ten units to be spread around the company’s depots, giving each a machine suitable for crane lire and machine removal and construction duties. Baldwins says the AC75 fills a need for a highly versatile machine giving high utilisation in all sectors of the market.
大型的租赁公司，英国的Baldwins表现出对AC75的极大信心，购置十台分派到公司的所有租赁点,并让所有起重机运用于起重机里拉、机器移除和市政建设。Baldwins说,AC75满足了高利用率板块对高度通用机的需求。
Nevertheless, no other crane manufacturer has yet to put the CT2’s hydrostatic drive concept into commercial production-----a feature more commonly found on crawler cranes, excavators, and fork-lift trucks which normally have a maximum speed of 40km/h or less. Compact Truck says the CT2 is the first hydrostatic-drive vehicle suitable for motorway driving, with a maximum speed of 80 km/h. The company claims to have developed a system that prevents the hydraulic oil overheating. Only one-fifth of the oil capacity is used for driving and an oil cooling system has been added for work in tropical climates, such as Thailand.
然而,还没有其他起重机制造商把CT2静液压传动的概念到商业化生产——这一功能更常出现在履带起重机、挖掘机、叉车，这些通常最大速度只有40公里/小时或更少的机械中。紧凑型车，比如，CT2是第一台静液压驱动，适合高速公路驾驶,最高时速达80公里/小时的车辆。该公司声称已经开发出一种可防止液压油过热的系统。在热带气候（如泰国）工作的机械，只有五分之一的石油产能是用来驾驶和油冷却系统。
The use of hydrostatic technology allows much more freedom of design, particularly with placement of the diesel engine-----which is situated at the rear of the vehicle. The engine, together with the pumps, acts as a counterweight at the rear of the slewing structure.
液压技术的使用让设计更自由,特别是柴油发动机的位置————坐落在车的后方。引擎,连同泵,作为平衡装置安放在车辆的尾部。
The design also eliminates boom overhang, which is normal with cranes with conventional drive and driver’s cab located at the front. The vehicle has an overall length of 6.49m, a width of 2.49m, and a height of 3.27m or 2.7m with the cab removed.
在传统传动部分和司机的驾驶室位于前端的情况下，该设计消除了能量过剩现象,。车身整长6.49米,宽2.49米,高度为3.27米，或不包括驾驶室高2.7米。
After initial scepticism, European rental houses seem to be warming to the hydrostatic concept, with approximately 80-90 units in German hire fleets. Most of the sales have been single units sold to rental companies. Other units are working in The Netherlands, Belgium, Finland, Russia and Switzerland. The company has also gained a foothold in the Far East and USA. Syracuse Equipment, compact Truck’s US dealer, has taken delivery of a number of units and is promoting the machine at an open day this month. Compact Truck’s dealers in Thailand and Taiwan-FLS and I-Cheong, respectively-----have also been promoting the machine.
在经过最初的致疑之后,欧洲租赁企业似乎开始青睐静液压传动的概念,在德国租赁行业总计大约80 - 90台。大部分的销售单是单件卖给租赁公司。其他的在荷兰、比利时、芬兰、俄罗斯和瑞士投入使用。该公司还在远东和美国获得了立足点。 紧凑车的美国经销商，Syracuse设备,已经吊运了大量的产品,将在这个月开放日，促销这种机型。在泰国，台湾fls和I-Cheong，紧凑型车的经销商也在进行促销。
This re-appraisal of the two-axle product sector has recently seen Deutsche Grove stop production of the two-axle 20t KMK 2020 following its takeover of Krupp Mobilkran last year. The KMK 2020, launched in 1993, was based in the original Gottwald AMK31 design acquired by Krupp in 1988. Generally speaking, the KMK 2020 was bought by rental companies that wanted one unit in their fleet to be used as a taxi crane in industrial areas, capable of both on-road travel and indoor use for machinery removals. Mike Lamb, joint managing director of Deutsche Grove, believes that demand for this type of product has now largely been satisfied, and as a result, the market is “extremely limited”.
去年，Deutsche Grove在接管Krupp Mobilkran之后，停止两轴20 t KMK 2020产品的生产。由此，可以看到两轴产品行业的格局变化。KMK2020是在1993年推出的,它是基于Krupp在1988年收购的Gottwald AMK31的雏形设计而成。一般来说,KMK 2020的客户是租赁公司。租赁公司想要的是一个可以运用于工业领域,同时能够在室内外用于吊运的起重机。Deutsche Grove的总经理,Mike Lamb，相信这类产品的需求已基本上被满足,因此,市场是“非常有限”。
As a consequence, Deutsche Grove has been concentrating much of its efforts in the two-axle sector on the 35t GMK 2035, with sales this year expected to be around the 50 mark, of which around half will be in Germany. This unit is said to have gone down particularly well in the Netherlands and Belgium. The GMK 2035 features the Megatrack all-wheel independent suspension system that Grove inherited from Krupp. The carrier width is 8.92m with a turning radius of 6,58m. The crane is equipped with a four-piece 29m main boom and a fully-hydraulic telescopic double-folding lattice boom, offering an extra 8.5m or 15m.
因此,Deutsche Grove一直致力于两轴产品35 t GMK 2035,这一产品今年销售额预计将在50马克,其中约有一半将在德国。这一产品据说在荷兰和比利时非常畅销。GMK2035具有Megatrack独特的全轮独立悬挂系统,这方面，Grove继承了 Krupp.的技术优势。整机宽度8.92米,转弯半径6,58米。该起重机配备有由四部分组成的29米的大臂和全液压伸缩式双折叠小臂,这一设计能使起重机臂展再延伸8.5到15m。
Like Grove, other manufacturers are convinced that the more ‘conventional’ two-axle design concept is far from in decline. Germany’liebherr-Werk Ehingen, for instance, manufactures the successful two-axle 30t LTM 1030-1, equipped with a 26m main boom an