动词时态和语态（word版）.docx

2018 届高考必考语法精讲：动词的时态和语态
语法中的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态，英语中有 16 种时态。《2017 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时
（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去将来时（7）将来进行时（8）现在完成时（9）过去 完成时（10）现在完成进行时；此外还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。
2015 年高考全国卷Ⅰ第 61 题（语法填空）考查了动词 arrive 的一般过去时 arrived；第 71 题（短文改错）考查 了 think 变为过去时 thought；第 75 题（短文改错）考查了被动语态，删掉 been；第 79 题（短文改错）考查了将动 词过去时的 found 变为现在时的 find。
2016 年高考全国卷Ⅰ第 62 题（语法填空）考查了 allow 的一般过去时的被动语态 was allowed；第 74 题（短文 改错）考查了将过去时 had 变为现在时的 have；77 题（短文改错）考查了将 using 变为被动 used。
2017 年高考全国卷Ⅰ第 64 题（语法填空）考查了 remove 的一般现在时的被动语态 are removed；第 74 题（短 文改错）考查了将动词 goes 变成一般过去时 went。
各种时态构成表：（以 do 为例）

一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
完成进行时态
现
在
do/does
is/am/are doing
has/have done
has/have been doing
过
去
did
was /were doing
had done
had been doing
将
来
shall/will do
shall/will be doing
shall/will have done
shall/will have been doing
过去将来
would do
would be doing
would have done
would have been doing

一、一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数

1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes
（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes 2．功能：
（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如：
①I have a dream.
②She loves music.
③Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与 often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom
等时间副词连用。例如：

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①I always take a walk after supper.
②She writes to me very often.
③She is an English teacher.
（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实。例如：
①The earth moves around the sun.
②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
③Two and two makes four.
④ No man but errs.
（4）表示将来发生的动作：
A．在由 when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如：
① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.
② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.
④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.
B．按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如：
①The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
②When does the plane take off?
③He leaves for that city next week.
④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock.
二．一般过去时：动词的过去式

1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如：
①We visited the school last spring.
②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
③China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如：
①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day.
②They would not leave until she came back.
③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house.
三．一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形

1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：
①He will graduate from the college next year.

②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2．将来时的其它结构。 例如：
I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美国口语中常读作 be gonna）
①I'm going to buy a new car this fall.
②He is going to sell his house.
注意：be going to 与 will 的对比：下列情况须用 will
①I will be sixteen years old next year.
②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.
③When he comes, I will give him your message.
II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如：
①Am I to take over his work?
②We are to meet at the gate.
III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即将做某事。例如：
①The talk is about to begin.
四．一般过去将来时：would + 动词原形

1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。例如：
①He said that they would meet me at the station.
②She told me that she would come to see me.
2.表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用 would）。例如：
①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma.
②The old couple would go for a walk after supper.
注意句型：

was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,这时……
=was/were on the point of doing sth. when……（when 引导的从句要用一般过去时）例如：
①He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
②I was about to go shopping when it rained.
③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.
五．现在进行时：is / am / are +现在分词

1．表示现在正在进行的动作。例如：
①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?
②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2．表现阶段正进行的动作。例如：

①He is taking physics this semester.
②We are preparing for our final examination this week.
③Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight.
3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。例如：
① Look! The bus is coming.
②The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
③Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.
4．与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。例如：
①He is always thinking of others.
②The boy is continually making noises.
③The teacher is constantly criticizing her for being late.
六．过去进行时：was /were +现在分词

1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。 例如：
①I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
②When I arrived, they were watching TV.
③They were doing housework this time last week.
2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。例如：
①She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
②I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3．过去某时将发生的事。例如：
①They told me that they were leaving for New York.
②He was going out when I arrived.
七．将来进行时：shall / will be + 现在分词

1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作。例如：
①What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
②I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.
2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。例如：
①Will you be having supper with us this evening?
②Will you be coming to see us tomorrow?
3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。例如：
①She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
②The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.

八．现在完成时：have / has +过去分词

1．表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与 yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never
等表时间的副词搭配使用。例如：

①He hasn't seen her lately.
②I haven't finished the book yet.
2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），for a long time（很长时间），，in the past / in the last few years（在 过去的几年里），these days（这些日子）。例如：
①He has worked here for 15 years.
②I have studied English since I came here.
③The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
④So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。 I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive，join，leave，go, refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake ，buy，
borrow，lend 等。
II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由 for 引导的时间状语。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：
①She has gone away for a month.（误）
②She has been away for a month （正）
①The man has died for two years.（误）
②The man has been dead for two years.（正）
①How long have you bought the book?（误）
②How long have you had the book.（正） 4．几组对比：
①He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。
②He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。

①She has gone.她已走了。
②She is gone.她缺席了。（or 她死了。）

①The door has been closed.门关上了。（动作）
②The door is closed.门是关着的。（状态）

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九．过去完成时：had + 过去分词

1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。例如：
①They had got everything ready before I came.
②The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．过去完成时常用于 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than（“一……就”）等固定句型结构中。例如：
①She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.

=Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.
②He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.

=No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
注意 ：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首时要用部分倒装。
3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（计划）hope（希望），want（想要）等动词的过去完成时用来表示“本 打算/本计划/本希望/本想要做而没有”做的事。例如：
①I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
②They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because of the bad weather.
十．将来完成时：shall / will have +过去分词。
表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。例如：

①They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.
②By the end of this month, he will have finished the book.
十一．现在完成进行时：have / has + been + 现在分词

1．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 例如：
①I have been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.
②He has been running after her for 8 years.
③I have been learning English since six years ago.
2．表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，例如：
①She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
3.表某种感情色彩。例如：
①I've been wanting to see you for so many years.
②Who's been telling you such nonsense.
现在完成时与现在完成进行时对比：
现在完成时强调“结果”，而现在完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。例如：
①I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）
②I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）

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①Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）
②Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。） 注意：表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。例如，我们可以说：I have known him for years.但是不能说：I have been knowing him for years.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love，like，hate 等等。
十二．过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词

表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。例如：

①She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
②I had been waiting for him before he arrived.
十三．过去将来进行时：would be + 现在分词

表示从过去某时看将来某个时侯正在进行的动作。例如：

①He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.
②He said that he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow.
十四．过去将来完成时：would have +过去分词

表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前动作已经完成。例如：

①He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock.
②I thought she would have told you something by then.
十五．将来完成进行时：shall / will have been + 现在分词

表示某一动作从某时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间，是否继续下去由上下文决定。例如：

①By the end of next year，we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.
②We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.
③It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.
十六. 过去将来完成进行时：would have been + 现在分词

表示从过去的某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来的某一时间。动作是否继续进行，由上下文决定。例如：

①He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.
②She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.

被动语态

一 .被动语态的构成：被动语态由“be 动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中 be 动词本身没有意义，但有人称、 单复数以及时态的变化。(不及物动词没有被动语态)

常见各种时态对应的被动语态：（以 do 为例）

一般时态
完成时态
进行时态
完成进行时态
现
在
无
is /am/are done
has/have been done
is/am/are being done
过
去
was/were done
had been done
was /were being done
无
将
来
shall
/will
be
shall/will have
been
无
无
done
done
过去将来
无
无
would be done
would
have
been
done

二.含有情态动词的被动语态：
由情态动词 must/can/could/may/might/should/would+be done 构成。例如：
①The task must be finished before this weekend.
②He should be punished because he told lies.
③The book may be taken away by someone.
三. 被动语态的用法：
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者,被动语态中的介词短语 by sb.通常省略。例如：
①The streets are swept every day.
②His car has been stolen.
③Rice is grown in many countries.
④This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere. 2.带双宾语的及物动词变成被动语态有两种变法，指人的间接宾语用作被动语态的主语更常见。例如：
①He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.
→A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者

→ She was given a beautiful gift (by him).
3.get + 过 去 分 词 表 被 动 ， 表 示 一 种 结 果 或 状 态 。 常 见 结 构 有 ： get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：
①He got killed in the traffic accident last week.
②Don’t get cheated by her beauty.
③He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.
4.have sth done 以及 get sth done（主要用于口语中）常常表示安排别人把事情做好或谈论意外的、不好的事情。例 如：
①I need to have my hair cut.

②Your watch is broken,you’d better get it repaired.
③If you don’t get out of my house, I will have you arrested .
④We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.
⑤Joe had his leg broken in a fight.
5.have sth to be done 表示主动提出请求帮助别人做某事。例如：
①I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought?
②I intend to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents?
③Do you have anything to be typed,sir?
四．主动形式表被动意义： 1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow 等系动词+形 容词或名词构成系表结构。例如：
①The ice feels cold.
②His plan proved practical.
2 .表示开始、结果、运动的动词，如 begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move 等。例如：
①Work began at 7'clock this morning.
②The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.
3 .形容词 easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult 等后面接动词不定式，且不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾 关系时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
①This kind of water is fit to drink.
②The text is easy to understand.
4 .某些动词如 read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry 等在表示主语的某种性质时，常用主动表被动。例如：
①The clothes washes well.
②Your pen writes smoothly.
5.其他的主动表被动的情况。例如：
①The book is worth reading.
②My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.

=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.
③Who is to blame?
高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练·时态与语态
考点规律分析:动词时态考点主要涉及一般现在时与一般过去的区别，其命题方式通常是在一个一般现在时的 背景下误用某个一般过去时；或者反过来，在一个一般过去时的背景下误用某个一般现在时。从所涉及的动词来看， 主要涉及 be 和 have 两个常用动词。有时也涉及其他时态，如一般将来时，现在完成时等，但很少见。语法填空主

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要涉及动词的时态及语态的变化。
时态语态单句改错之真题训练：

1. We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop…

2. …and had returned to the car! Bill is standing at the side of the car.

3. Two months ago they were back in America. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the…

4. Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.

5. Also, scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.

6. Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.

7. If the book you will want is out, you may ask for it to be called back for you.

8. I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again.

9. They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing together.

10. I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang.

11. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.

12. I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing and there was no way of settling the matter except by selling the set.
13. I’d like very much to come but I had an examination on Monday morning. It is a very…

14. .I remembered her words and calm down.

15. They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to…

16. He said he is busy.

17. On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly.

18. .But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college was the only place for a smart boy like his son.
19. At once I apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started.

20. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.

21. She stopped to look out of the window and find a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor’s house.

22. We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters.

23. I am always young when I was staying with them.

24. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.
时态语态单句改错之模拟训练：

1. Just now Jim tells me his mother was ill.

2. I phone the other students a moment ago.

3. We often played together when we are children.

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4. What are you doing when I called you?

5. I see you in the park. You were talking to a pretty girl.

6. She doesn’t hear the doorbell, for she was watching TV. 7.We’ll stay at home playing cards if it will rain tomorrow.
8. Ple