初中英语语法_宾语定语状语从句_讲解+练习.doc

中考英语宾语从句考点扫描

一，引导词

A，由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say， think， wish ， hope， see， believe， agree， expect， hear ， feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。
例：I told him that he was wrong.
l在think，believe， suppose， expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。
例：I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。
例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
B，由连词if、 whether 引导的表示是否的宾语从句。Whether，if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。
例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.
例：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
C，由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who，whom，whose， what， which，和连接副词when， where， why， how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。
例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)

二，宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
例：I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a teacher.
They wanted to know what they can do for us.

三，宾语从句的时态。

宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:
1)She says that she is a student.
She said that she was a student.
2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
3)She says that she has finished her homework already.
She said that she had finished her homework already.
4)She says that she can sing a song in English.
She said that she could sing a song in English.
如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
He told me that Japan is an island country.
Could you tell me是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。
例：Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?
注意事项：
由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。
例：She said: I have been to England before.
She said that she had been to England before.
She asked me: Do you like maths?
She asked me if I liked maths.
宾语从句与简单句的交换。
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用疑问词+不定式做宾语的简单句结构。
例：I don’t know what I should do next.
I con’t know what to do next.
He didn’t know where he would live.
He didn’t know where

中考英语定语从句考点扫描
在主从复合句中充当定语的句子是定语从句，它在句中修饰名词或代词。定语从句一般由关系代词that, which, who(m), whose和关系副词when, where, why等引导。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句通常放在先行词的后面作后置定语。在中考试题中，主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。
一、一般情况下，当先行词指人时，用that, who或whom引导。如：
I know the young man that/who is reading under the tree. 我认识在树下读书的那个年轻人。
The girl whom you talked about a moment ago is my daughter. 你们刚才谈论的女孩是我的女儿。
【温馨提示】
当指人的先行词后有介词时，关系代词不用that, 而要用whom。如：
Jim is the person for whom you are looking. 吉姆是你在寻找的人。
二、当先行词指物时，用which或that引导。当关系代词在从句中作宾语时常可省略。如：
Give me the pen that/which is on the desk. 把桌子上的钢笔给我。
【温馨提示】
一) 当先行词指物时只能用that而不能用which的几种常见情况：
1. 先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, much, none, little等不定代词时。如：
There is nothing that can stop him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他做这件事。
2. 先行词前有last, next, only，very及序数词、最高级等修饰时。如：
This is the most interesting film that was shown last week. 这是上周所放映的影片中最有
趣的一部。
The only thing that they can do is to wait. 他们唯一能做的事就是等待。
3. 先行词前有序数词或最高级等修饰时。如：
This is the second computer that father has just bought. 这是爸爸刚刚买的第二台电脑。
This is the very pen (that) you bought yesterday. 这正是你昨天买的笔。
4. 当先行词既有人，又有物时。如：
Sally is talking about the writer and his book that interests her. 萨丽在谈论这位作家及能使
她感兴趣的这位作家的书。　
5. 当主语是who的疑问句。如：
Who is the boy that is playing computer games? 在玩电脑游戏的男孩是谁？
二) 当先行词指物时，只能用which而不能用that的场合
1. 关系代词前有介词时。如：
This is the house in which Tom once lived. 这是汤姆曾经住过的房子。
2. 在非限定性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开，如果去掉逗号，整个句子仍能表达完整的意义的定语从句)中。如：
They are talking about the TV play, which they saw last night. 他们正在谈论昨晚看的电视剧。
三、whose在定语从句中作定语，修饰它后面的名词。如：
Do you know the girl whose name is Lily? 你认识名叫莉莉的女孩吗？
四、当引导词在句中作状语时，应用适当的关系副词。表示时间用when，表示地点用where，表示原因用why。但这些关系副词通常可转换成“介词 + 关系代词”形式。如：
The hotel where/at which the visitors are staying is very expensive. 这些参观者呆的旅馆很贵。
2008年中考定语从句真题精选
1. Do you know the scientist _______ gave us a talk just now? (天津市)
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
2. This is the dictionary _______ Mum gave me for my birthday. (河北省)
A. which B. what C. whose D. whom
3. Shaolin Temple _______ lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad. (河南省)
A. where B. which C. who D. what
4. —Do you know the girl _______ is standing under the tree?
—She is my little sister. (福州市)
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
5. This is the question _______ we are talking about now. (吉林省)
A. that B. who C. where D. when
6. —What are you looking for?
—I am looking for the book _______ I bought yesterday. (长沙市)
A. who B. which C. whose
7. Jack, there is someone in the office _______ would like to speak with you. (厦门市)
A. who B. which C. whom
8. If a bag is filled with books and pens, it must belong to someone _______ works hard. (临沂市)
A. which B. / C. whom D. who
9. Many young people prefer the songs _______ have great lyrics. (泰安市)
A. which B. who C. where D. whom
10. Even teachers can’t understand some expressions _______ their students use in daily life. (绍兴市)
A. whose B. who C. that D. whom
11. Beijing is the 29th city _______ holds the Olympic Games. (芜湖市)
A. where B. that C. which D. what
12. Have you read the book _______ I gave you yesterday? (茂名市)
A. that B. when C. where
13. The man _______ came to our party with a present is my old friend. (茂名市)
A. when B. which C. what
14. I like writers _______ write short stories. (襄樊市)
A. which B. what C. whom D. who
15. —There are many volunteers _______ are helping the children in Sichuan.
—And most of them are college students. (咸宁市)
A. which B. when C. whose D. who
16. We know Jackie Chan _______ movies are very popular with the young. (恩施自治州)
A. whose B. that C. who D. which
17. The boy _______ I talked with just now is my best friend. (南充市)
A. who B. which C. where
18. —What kind of music do you like?
—I like music _______ I can sing along with. (自贡市)
A. who B. that C. what
19. He is the only student _______ plays table tennis better than Jim. (南宁市)
A. why B. where C. who D. which
20. —The duty of Project Hope is to help poor children, isn’t it?
—Yes, it has built many schools _______ those children can study happily. (哈尔滨市)
A. where B. when C. which

附：2008年中考定语从句真题精选答案
1—5 AABAA 6—10 BADAC 11—15 BACDD 16—20 AABCA

中考英语定语从句考点扫描

由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。
（一）时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as soon as he received the news.
Once you see him, you will never forget him.
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
（二）原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。
e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.
   As it is raining, I will not go out.
   Now that you mention it, I do remember.
（三）地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。
e.g. Sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
（四）目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。
e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.
He left early in case he should miss the train.
（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。
e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.
   He was so excited that he could not say a word.
   She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。
e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
   You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
   So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.
   You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.
   If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
（七）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
   Child as he is, he knows a lot.
   Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.
（八）方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。
e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.
   He acted as if nothing had happened.
（九）比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。
e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
   He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.
   The busier he is, the happier he feels.
（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
   I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。
e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
   If (you are) asked you may come in.
   If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again.
3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）
   Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）
   I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）
   Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）
   This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）
练习、状语从句
一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句：
1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.
2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.
3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.
4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.
5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.
6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
7. Where there is water, there is life.
8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.
9. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.
10. Even if (though) I fail. I’ll never lose heart.
11. Once you begin the work, you must continue.
12. I will find her wherever she may be.
13. Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.
14. He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
15. We must do everything as he tells us.
16. India is much bigger than Japan.
17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.
18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.
二、用适当的连词填空：
1. Dr. Bethune (白求恩) came to China __________ he was fifty.
2. He began to work __________ he got there.
3. Let's begin our meeting __________everyone is here.
4. I like the English people, __________ I don't like their food.
5. __________ you go in China, you can see smiling faces.
6. He didn't come to the lecture, __________ he was very busy.
7. __________we had enough time, we walked to the cinema.
8. They will help you __________ you meet with difficulty.
9. _________ we came to the university, we have learnt quite a lot.
10.I didn't join them yesterday evening __________ I had to go to an important meeting.
11. We would try to get a car __________we could all travel together more easily.
12. She wouldn't forget her mother's birthday __________ she seldom wrote to her family.
13. We're doing everything we can to make things as easy for you ___________we can.
14. The meeting became so disorderly __________ the speaker had to shout the audience down.
15. He was angrier __________ ever before.
16. __________ you lock all the doors, he can still manage to get in.
17. The boy was so tired __________ he fell asleep on the bus.
18. Hard _________ he tried, he couldn’t force the door open.
三、选择填空：
1. I’ll let you know ____ he comes back.
A. before    B. because   C. as soon as   D. although
2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked.
A. if     B. unless    C. for    D. since
3. We will work ____ we are needed.
A. whenever   B. because   C. since    D. wherever
4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.
A. so that    B. if     C. when       D. although
5._____ you go, don't forget your people.
A. Whenever     B. However   C. Wherever   D. Whichever
6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last.
A. since         B. for    C. when       D. as
7. They will never succeed, _____ hard they try.
A. because       B. however   C. when    D. since
8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home.
A. When        B. Because   C. Though   D. As
9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working.
A. As           B. Although   C. Even    D. In spite of
10. Busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you.
A. as           B. when    C. since    D. for
11. I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school.
A. though        B. although   C. as if    D. when
12. _____ we got to the station, the train had left already.
A. If            B. Unless    C. Since    D. When
13. _____ the rain stops, we' 11 set off for the station.
A. Before    B. Unless    C. As soon as   D. Though
14. She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch.
A. so, that       B. such, that   C. very, that   D. so, as
15. We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work.
A. since         B. until    C. because   D. though
16. I'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back.
A. even if        B. as though   C. because   D. until
17. Although it's raining, _____ are still working in the field.
A. they          B. but they   C. and they   D. so they
18. Speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better.
A. since         B. so that    C. for    D. because
19. You'll miss the train ______ you hurry up.
A. unless        B. as    C. if     D. until
20. When you read the book, you' d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.
A. at which    B. at where   C. the place   D. where
21. We'd better hurry ______ it is getting dark.
A. and        B. but    C. as    D. unless
22. I didn' t manage to do it _____ you had explained how.
A. until    B. unless    C. when    D. before
23._____ he comes, we won't be able to go.
A. Without   B. Unless    C. Except    D. Even
24. I hurried _____ I wouldn't be late for class.
A. since     B. so that    C. as if     D. unless
25. _____ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.
A. Every time