透析中考英语语法被动语态考点.doc

透析中考英语语法被动语态考点
【语态命题趋势与预测】
根据对语态部分全国各地中考试题的分析可知，今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为：
1.被动语态在各个时态中的用法
2.“get+过去分词 ”结构的用法
【考点诠释】
 一、各种时态的被动语态
被动语态由"be+过去分词”构成，be随时态的变化而变化，高考对被动语态的考查通常从以下九种时态人手。
1．一般现在时
表示现在或经常发生的被动动作时，用一般现在时的被动语态。一般现在时的被动语态由"am／is／are+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成。
【考例1．The 01ympk Games ___________every four years. [北京市]
A are held B were held C．are holding D．will ho1d
[答案]A 。[解析]考查被动语态，根据句意，“奥运会每四年举行一次”可见须用一般现在时的被动语态，故排除了B、C、D。
In the art show，a lot of enjoyment __to foreign friends by the Chinese paintings．[沈阳市]
A． is giving B is given C will give D has given
[答案]B。[解析]本题考查被动语态，句中a lot of enjoyment是动作的承受者。“在这次艺术展中，一些有趣的东西通过中国国画展示给外国朋友。”
Today Chinese is becoming more and more popular. It ___________in. many schools around the world. [南京市]
A. teaches B. is teaching C. has taught D. is taught
[答案]D。[解析]考查被动语态。物作主语，一般要考虑被动语态。但如果动词指的是物的特性，不能用被动语态。
Ba Jin, one of the greatest writers in China, __as "People's Writer".[安徽省]
A. is regarded B. has regarded C. is regarding D. regards
[答案]A。[解析] 选用一般现在时态的被动语态，表示人们对这位伟大作家的爱戴。
．Usually computers _________to search the Internet. [吉林省]
A. use B. are using C. are used D. used
[答案]C 。[解析]从句子看，电脑作主语，是动作的承受者，所以用被动语态，故选C。
7．--Do you often clean your classroom?
--Yes. Our classroom __________every day. [长沙市]
A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned
[答案]C。[解析]考查被动语态物作主语，一般要考虑被动语态。但如果动词指的是物的特性，不能用被动语态。
2．一般过去时
【考点透视】表示过去某个时候发生的被动动作，用一般过去时的被动语态。一般过去
时的被动语态由“was／were+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成。
【考例】一Did you hear that water in Tai Lake smelt terrible?
一Yes．In fact，it ____.That's all because of the people and the factories around．[黄冈市]
A． polluted B was polluted C has polluted D．was po11ute
[答案]B。[解析]考查被动语态。物作主语，一般要考虑被动语态。但如果动词指的是物的特性，不能用被动语态。
--Our environment is getting worse than before.
--You're right. But thanks to Earth Day_______, people have done more and more useful things to protect(保护)the earth since Earth Day[哈尔滨市]
A. is started B. was started C. has started
[答案]B。 [解析]从句意：“……自从‘地球日’开始以来，人们已做了一些越来越有用的事保护环境。”可知，“地球日”的开始，要用一般过去时的被动语态，其构成为was started故选B。
We ________into five groups to go to the old people's home. We did many things to cheer them up. [太原市]
A. divided B. are divided C. were divided
[答案]C。[解析]本题主要考查被动语态的用法。根据句意及语境可推知空格处应用被动语态的形式。由后一句"We did many things．”可推断，时态应该是一般过去时。因此选C。
---I feel very happy that I ____to be the host. （江西省）C
---Congratulations!
A. choose B. am chosen C. was chosen D. haven chosen
Many trees and flowers ________ in our school last year，and they made our school a beautiful garden．(重庆市)D
A．plant B．planted C．have planted D．were planted
3．一般将来时和过去将来时
【考点透视】表示从现在看将来发生的被动动作，用一般将来时的被动语态；表示从过
去某个时候看今后将要发生的被动动作，用过去将来时的被动语态。一般将来时的被动
语态由“will／shall be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)或am／is／are going to be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成；过去将来时的被动语态由"would be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)或was／were going to be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成。
【考例】Some famous paintings __________in the hall next week. [广东省]
A. will show B. were shown C. is shown D. will be shown
[答案]D。[解析] 本题综合考查时态和语态。主语为“一些名画”，在此为动作“展出”的承受者，故应用被动语态，时间状语为next week，是表示将来的时间状语，所以句子时态是一般将来时，所以D项正确。
A talk on developments in science and technology in the school hall next week . （天津人教四年制）B
A. given B. will be given C. has been given D. gives
4．现在完成时
【考点透视】表示在过去某个时候发生的被动动作一直延续到现在，且该动作的结果
对现在造成影响，此时用现在完成时的被动语态。现在完成时的被动语态由“has／have been+及物动词的过去分词(+by+实施者)”构成。
【考例】---Great changes have taken place in this city.
---Right. Many modern tall buildings have been ______ these days. （武汉市）B
A. turned up B. put up C. shown up D. fixed up
5.含有情态动词的被动结构
Twelve-year-olds should not to drive in China. [兰州]
A. allow B. be allow C. allowed D. be allowed
答案：D。情态动词用于被动结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词。
五、被动语态的特殊类型
被动语态的特殊类型主要有：1．在被动语态中，有时用get／become代替be，构成"get／become+ 过去分词”，这种用法多用于口语中，其后通常不跟by+实施者，它表示一种结果或状态，而非动作；2．含有情态动词的被动语态，其结构为“情态动词 +be done"’； 3．带复合宾语句子的被动语态。
【考例】  —Do you often clean your classroom? （年湖南长沙）
    —Yes, our classroom ______ every day.
 A. clean         B. cleans    C. is cleaned     D. Cleaned
 答案为C。句中有every day，主语为our classroom，故要用一般现在时的被动语态。
【语法回顾】
1．一般现在时的被动语态形式
The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。
 Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。
 Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。
 Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有许多货物运往国外吗
２．一般现在进行时的被动语态形式
Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗？
How is the new teaching method being tried there 那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的？
３．现在完成时的被动语态形式
Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上个月以来，电视中播放了许多外国影片。
The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音机还没开。
Has a new training centre been set up in our city?我们市上新的培训中心建好了吗？
４．一般过去时的被动语态形式
The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。
The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我儿子打破的。
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？
５．一般过去进行时的被动语态形式
The question was being discussed at the meeting yesterday afternoon.在昨天下午的会上正讨论这个问题。
At that time they were being shown how to run the machine.在那时，他们正演示如何操作这机器。
６．过去将来时的被动语态形式
He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。
She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. 她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。
 I wasn't told that I should be invited to the party. 没人告诉我要被邀请出席晚会。
７．过去完成时的被动语态形式
His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month.上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。
She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss.  她告诉我，她的老板已把她解雇了。
Her homework had not been finished when I got home. 我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。
８．一般将来时的被动语态形式
If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。
A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。
In a few years' time, those mountains will be covered with trees, too.过几年以后，那些山上会长满了树。
９．情态动词的被动式：
主动句谓语如带有情态动词变成被动句时，应保留情态动词谓语部分为：“情态动词+助动词be+过去分词”。例如：
Our classroom should be kept clean and tidy.我们的教室必须保持干净清洁。
A few of them can be cut each year for firewood。每年一些树木被砍伐用作柴火。
Many thousands of trees must be planted every year.每年都得种成千成万株树。
被动语态的一般疑问句，须将第一个助动词移至主语之前构成。否定句须在助动词之后加构成。例如：
Is the stamp used for sending letters? 邮票是用来发信的吗？
The knife isn't made of wood.这个小刀不是用木头制做的。
三、被动语态的用法。
1、当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者指需要强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。例如：
The cotton is grown in that farm.那个农场里种植棉花。
2、我们关心动作的承受者但也关心动作的执行者，要用被动语态。例如：
Nahan was written by Lu Xun.《呐喊》是鲁迅写的。
3、表示科学性及客观性，在新闻报道和科技文章中用得较多。例如：
Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.许多星星看不见，因为它们离我们太遥远了。
It was reported that the scientists were searching for new ways to solve the problems.据报道科学家正在寻求解决这些问题的新途径。
常见的句型结构如下：It is （was）agreed（believed/decided/hoped/thought......）that......大家同意（相信、决定、希望、认为）......
It is（was） well known that......众所周知
It is（was ）taken for granted that......被视为当然
It must be remembered that......务必记住......
It mustn’t be forgotten that......千万别忘记......
It is（was） said（reported，heard，told，suggested）that......据说（报道、听说、告知、建议......）
四、主动形式表示被动意义
英语中有主动和被动之分，并都以特定的形式出现。然而并非所有的主动句式都表示主动意义，有些句子形式是主动的，而意义却是被动的。就其在英语中的具体运用，从以下几个方面加以归纳。
1、一些表示感觉、感官的连系动词如：feel，sound，taste，look等后面接形容词作表语，形式上是主动的， 意思上表示被动。例如：
The mixture tasted terrible.这种混合液太难吃了。
She sound nice. She has a beautiful voice.她唱得很好，她有一副好嗓子。
Your father looks very angry. What's the matter? 你父亲看起来很生气，是怎么回事呢？
2、有少数及物动词（do, owe欠 ，cook, print, build）等，常用进行时态表示被动意思。例如：
The meat is cooking. 肉正在煮。
The book is printing.书在印刷中。
3、一些表达事物行为、方式的动词如：wash, sell, write, say, open等，习惯以主动形式表示被动的含义。因为这样使用更简洁，更符合英美人的习惯，尤其在口语中。例如：
The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.这家商店相当新，因为在一星期前才开业。
This kind of cloth washes very well.这种布料很好洗涤。
The door opened and in came Mr. White.门开了，怀特先生走进来。
The book sells well.这书很畅销。
4、表示“发生，进行”之类不及物动词如：happen，last，take place， break out，go on， go by， move on等，以主动式表示被动含义。例如：
You'd better wait and see what happens to him.你最好等着瞧他会发生什么事。
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor.大楼的第11层着火时，有500多人正在那幢楼上工作。
Will the weather last long? 这种天气会持续很久吗？
But many months went by and no one visited the island.可是一连许多月过去了，竟没有人来光顾这个岛屿。
5、有些“系动词+分词”的结构，意思上也接近被动结构。例如：
He got wounded in a battle.他在一次战斗中负伤。
Many countries became liberated in the following months.接下来的数月中，许多国家获得解放。
6、be + 副词或介词短语，如be on， be on show， be on sale， be in（out of） sight， be under discussion等，这类副词或介词短语往往具有动词含义，相当于被动语态表达的意义。例如：
Summer wear is on sale.（=Summer wear is being sold.）夏季衣服正在出售。
The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.（=The film had been show when I got to the cinema.）我到电影院时电影已放映了五分钟。
The two canoes were almost out of sight.(=The two canoes could hardly been seen any more.)那两只独木舟几乎看不到了。
7、不定式作后置定语的结构。当作定语用的不定式除了被修饰的词有动宾关系外，还与句子的主语或宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式须用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
Is there anything to say? 还有什么要说的吗？
We have a lot of things to do.我们有许多事情要做。
注意：若不定式与句子主语或宾语不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，只与所修饰的词有动宾关系时，即只有动作的承受者，没有动作的执行者时，不定式应用被动式。例如：
He has something to be told to you.他有事（要我）转告你。
Have you anything to be taken to him?你有什么东西（要我）带给他吗？
8、be+形容词+不定式结构。此结构的不定式与主语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，因而不定式须用及物动词或相当与及物动词的短语动词。因而此结构的形容词大多数表示说话人对不定式动作的看法态度或感受等。如difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, fit,等或表示主语人或物所具有的特征，如 ：nice，light，strong，beautiful，heavy等。形式上是主动的，意思上却是被动的。例如：
This text is very difficult to understand.这篇课文很难懂。
The water is not fit to drink.这水不宜饮用。
The man is very easy to get along with.那个人很容易相处。
The room is comfortable to live in.这房间住起来很舒服。
9、当表示“需要”含义的动词如：need, require, want等作谓语，其主语为物时，这类动词后面的动名词要用主动形式表示被动意思。例如：
The house needs cleaning.(or: The house needs to be cleaned.)这房间需要打扫。
My hair requires cutting.(or: My hair requires to be cut.)我需要理发。
10、worth用作形容词时，作表语，后面一般接动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思。例如：
This book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。
11、be+形容词结构。这类形容词如：invisible， forgettable，comfortable等具有动词含义的特点。因而常以主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
Names and addresses are forgettable.(=Names and addresses are forgotten easily.)人名和地址易忘。
12、there be句型中修饰主语的不定式，可用主动式表示被动含义。例如：
There is nothing to do .(=I have nothing to do.)没有事可做。
There are questions to solve.(= We have questions to solve.)有问题需要解决。
13、be +不定式结构。这类结构如be to blame， to be let， be to seek等，具有的特点是作表语的不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，因而以主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
The house is to let.此房子要出租。
I felt I was to blame.我觉得我应该受罚。
A better way is (yet) to seek.还得找一种更好的办法。
14、某些固定词组和句型，用主动形式却表示被动意义。如add up (to), take place; catch on ( a nail. etc.), turn out (to be), blow open, consist of, come out sth., remains to do sth. be to blame.等。例如：
His whole schooling added up to no more than a year.他受到的学校教育加起来不过一年。
Sorry, I can't go with you. Much work remains to do.对不起，我不能和你一起去，我还有许多工作要做。
五、主动语态变被动语态的方法
1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
主语 谓语 宾语
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。
六．语态转换时要注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer. 我买了一台新电脑。
→A new computer has been bought.
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. 我叔叔在我生日时给我一件礼物。
→I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
The cup with mixture was showed to the class. 装有混合物的杯子传给学生。
My bike was lent to her. 我的自行车借给她了。
六、被动语态与系表结构的区别：
一般说来，过去分词作表语的结构与被动语态在形式上相同，所以容易混淆除了主要从意义上加以区别外，这里提供几种辨别方法。
1．从带不带 by 短语来区分
被动语态表主语的动作，绝大多数可以用by+动作的执行者构成by短语；而系表结构表示主语的特征或所处的状态，不表示动作。例如：
The window was broken by his brother.窗子被他弟弟打破了。（被动语态）
The window is now brother.窗子现在是破的。（系表结构）
注意：1）但并非有by短语都表示动作的执行者。例如：
The house is surrounded by(with)trees and flowers.房子周围都是树木花草。（系表结构）
2）当然，过去分词后的by短语有时可以表原因、方式。应与表示行为者区别开来。例如：
The bank is usually closed at six银行通常6点钟就关门了。（被动语态）
The door was shut when I went by，but I don't know when it was shut.我们那里走过的时候门是关着的，但我不只道是什么时候关的。（第一个was shut是系表结构，第二个was shut是被动语态）
Our blackboard is painted every year.我们的黑板每年漆一次。（被动语态 ）
Our blackboard is newly painted.我们的黑板新漆的。（系表结构）
3）在没有状语的情况下，就得根据上下文的意思来判断。例如：
The criminal was pushed into the cell and the door was closed.罪犯被推进牢房，门立刻关上了．（被动语态）
The door was closed, we couldn't get in.门是关着的，我们进不去。（系表结构）
2．系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时；而被动语态除了用于这两种时态外，还可以用于将来时、进行时和完成时。例如：
The shop is (was)opened.商店正在营业。（系表结构）
The work is being done.这工作正在做。（被动语态）
Yesterday when I got there, the ship was being loaded.昨天我到达那里时，船正在装货。
Their work had been finished by the end of last month.他们的工作上月底已经完成。
You'll be shown around you room.有人会带你去看你的房门的。
He said the library would soon be built.他说图书馆很快就要修起来。
3．系表结构中的过去分词可被very修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。例如：
He was very agitated.他很激动。（系表结构）
He was much agitated by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）
4．be+不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构，如：be gone, be learned, be ashamed这些动词通常是表示状态，智力活动或心态的动词。
be+延续性动词的过去分词通常是被动语态，如：be loved, be encouraged, be praised 等。
【语法过关】
1．—Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start.   
–I’m sorry, but I _____ when to meet.
A. don’t tell        B. didn’t tell      C. haven’t told     D. wasn’t told
2．Many old houses around our school ____ next year and a large green area will appear.
A. pull down  B. will be pulled down C. will pull down  D. are pulled down
3．--- My watch ______.
--- Don’t worry. Let’s go to the Lost & Found.
A. is lost B. is broken C. has found D. has stopped
4．---Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?
---No, I___________.
A. am not invited B. wasn’t invited C. haven’t invited D. didn’t invite
5．-- How often ______ your school sports meeting ______?
-- Once a year.
A. does; hold B. was; hold C. is; held D. did; hold
6．On May 30th, , one bowl in the Ming dynasty (明朝) _______ at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars.
A. sell B. sold C. is sold D. was sold
7．The "Thousand- hand Guanyin" _____ by many people as the best performance at CCTV's Spring Festival Evening.
A. has been regarded B. are regarded C. has regarded D. regards
8．—Those eggs of different colors are very beautiful.
—Yes, they ______ in Hangzhou.
A. painted B. were painting C. were painted D. had pai