英语形容词和副词用法总结.doc

中考英语形容词和副词用法总结
形容词和副词用法总结及练习
一、形容词：
（一）概念：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征，通常分成两类：
1. 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词。
2. 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词，大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。
例如：afraid, asleep, awake, alone, alive, awake, ashamed, alike。
其他常见表语形容词：worth, ready, sorry, well
（二）形容词在句中的位置：有的形容词放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置形容词；少数形容词放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置形容词。
1）当名词被多个前置形容词修饰时，形容词之间有一个先后顺序问题。一般规则为：
（限定词）→一般描绘性形容词→表示大小、长短、高低的形容词→表示年龄、新旧的形容词→表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词→表示物质、材料的形容词→（名词）。如：
There is a famous fine old stone bridge near the village.
2）【重点】当形容词词组相当于一个定语从句时，或形容词用来修饰somebody, something, anything, nothing 等的时候，便会出现后置形容词。如：
The boy interested in music is my brother. Do you have anything interesting to tell us?
二、副词：
（一）概念：用以修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词叫做副词。例如： not（不），here（这里），now（现在）。不少副词同时也可用作介词或其它词类。如：
Have you read this book before? (副词，作时间状语)
He will arrive before ten o’clock. （介词，before ten o’clock 是介词短语，作时间状语）
（二）副词的种类
1、时间副词：
1）表示发生时间的副词： It’s beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了！
2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词：always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等
一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实义动词之前: She often changes her mind.
3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词： He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词：
1）表示地点的副词： She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。
2）以where 构成的副词也是地点副词： It’s the same everywhere. 到处都一样。
3、【重点】方式副词
1）英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）： How beautifully your wife dances.
2）表示情绪的副词： She smiled gratefully.
3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况： He left the town secretly.
4、【重点】程度副词和强调副词
1）程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”： Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗？
[说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单 quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了 do it very quickly 干得很快
2）【重点】much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：
a. 修饰形容词等： I’m not much good at singing.
b. 修饰比较级： You sing much better than me. Their house is much nicer than ours.
5. 【重点】疑问副词和连接副词
1）疑问副词： 疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：
2）连接副词： 连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？
where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句）
6. 一些其它类型的副词，如表示方向的副词： Let’s go inside. Take two steps forward.
（三）副词的位置
1. 副词修饰动词时，通常可以放在句首、句中或句末。如：
Usually I do my homework in the evening. (句首)
I often get up at six. (句中) Please speak slowly.
2. 副词修饰形容词或副词时，通常放在形容词或副词的前面如：
These flowers are quite beautiful. （在形容词前） 这些花相当漂亮。
He works very hard. （在副词前）他工作很努力。
▲ 但也有例外，如：She is old enough to go to school. （在形容词后）她已到了上学的年龄。
3. 按一般规则, 既有地点状语又有时间状语时，地点状语应放在时间状语之前。如：
We had a meeting in the classroom yesterday afternoon. 我们昨天下午在教室开了一个会。
He watched TV at home last night. 他昨晚在家看电视。
常见形容词用法比较
1.elder 和older
① elder为"年长的"，只指人，用来比较年龄长幼，尤指兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，它只能用在名词前作定语，不能用于than引导的比较状语从句中。如： Jordan has two elder brothers and an elder and a younger sister.
② older为"年龄较大的，较老的，较旧的"，可指人，也可指物，作定语或表语，能用在than引导的比较状语从句中。 My elder brother is 7 years older than my younger sister.
2. good 和well
good和well都表示"好"。通常，作定语或表语时用good，作状语时用well；表示"身体好的"用well.
Doing sports is good for us. 做运动对我们有益。（作表语）
Sandy dances well and she is a good dancer. 桑迪舞跳得好，她是个出色的舞者。(well作状语,good作定语)
---How are you? ---I am very well. （作表语，表示"身体好的"）
3. huge, big, large,和great
1) huge强调尺寸、体积"庞大"（指体积时，比large, great所指的体积大），容量和数量"巨大"，不强调重量。
About ten years ago scientists from the United States found that the large object caused a huge hole in Mexico.
2) big最通俗、常用，强调比正常程度、范围及规模的标准大，修饰人、物或数量。反义词是little或small
My best friend is Xiao Li, but last week in school we had a big fight.
3) large强调远远超过标准的"大"，可指数量、容量、体积和面积，比big正式，反义词是small.
So it is proved that the large object had a close relation with the death of dinosaurs and other animals.
4) great通常指抽象的事物。可表数量、距离和程度，修饰人时，意为"伟大的"。
This is a great chance that many people do not have.
形容词与介词的搭配
在英语中，有很多形容词后需要加特定的介词，构成固定的搭配。
1. 与about构成的搭配
Be anxious about be sorry about be careful about be sure/ certain about be worried about
2. 与at构成的搭配
Be expert at be surprised at be angry at be good at be clever at
3. 与for构成的搭配
Be famous/ well-known for be ready for be sorry for be fit/ unfit for be good/ bad for
4.与in构成的搭配
Be interested in be weak in be poor in be different in be experienced in
5.与of构成的搭配
Be afraid of be fond of be proud of be tired of be full of be short of …… be ashamed of
6.与to构成的搭配
Be good/ bad to be kind to be nice to be rude to be useful to be polite to
7. 与with构成的搭配
Be angry with be careful with be busy with be satisfied with be pleased with
be happy with be patient with be strict with
特别提示
1. 有些形容词后跟不同的介词意义差别不大
Be experienced at/ in具有……方面的经验 be sure/ certain of/ about对……有把握
2.有些形容词后跟不同的介词意义不同
Be good at 在……方面擅长 be good to对……友好 be good for 对……有帮助
形容词的常用句型
1. It's +形容词+ of+ sb. +动词不定式 "某人（做某事）……", 说明"人"的性质或特征。
常用形容词有：good, kind, nice, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, careful, careless, right, wrong等
It's very kind of you to help me. It's foolish of you to make such mistake.
2. It's +形容词+for + sb. +动词不定式 "做某事对某人来说……", 说明动词不定式的性质、特征。
常用形容词有：difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible等
It is impossible for a child to answer the question. 小孩子不可能回答出这个问题。
It is dangerous for you to swim alone. 你自己一个人去游泳很危险。
3. 主语+be动词 +形容词+动词不定式 这一句型常用表示感情、情绪，以及表示能力和意志的形容词，
如: glad, pleased, sorry, sad, thankful 或ready, able, sure, certain等。
I'm very sorry to hear the news. I'm glad to see you.
Comrade Lei Feng is always ready to help others. Tom is sure/ certain to come.
比较结构的同义转换
1. not as/ so……as与less……than的转换
The place was not as/ so crowded as it usually is yesterday.
The place was less crowded than it usually is yesterday.
2. more……than与less……than, not as/ so…as的转换
Your picture is more beautiful than his.
=His picture is less beautiful than yours.=His picture isn't as/ so beautiful as yours.
3.最高级与more……than, no……more than的转换
Math is the most difficult subject of all.
=Math is more difficult than any other subject.=No subject is more difficult than math.
比较级和最高级的修饰语
1. 比较级的修饰语
Much（……得多），far（……得多），even（甚至，更），still(更)，a bit（有点），a little（有点），a lot（很）， a great deal(大大地), twice(两倍), five times(五倍), two-fifths(五分之二), a half(一半)等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用very修饰。
e.g. Tom is a little taller than Mike. It is even colder today than yesterday.
2. 最高级的修饰语
By far/ far and away 最，很 much ……得多 almost 几乎 nearly 几乎
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。
This is (by) far the best book that I've ever read. 这是我读过的最好的书。
形容词最高级用法
最高级是表示在三者或更多者中程度最高的比较方式
① the+ 形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句
Jack is the tallest student in his class. He is the fastest runner of the three boys.
This is the most boring book I've ever read.
② one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数+表示范围的短语或从句
China is one of the largest countries in the world.
用法比较：介词in和of引导的短语说明比较的范围
如果在一定的地域空间内进行比较用in; 如果在同一类事物范围内进行比较用of.
China is the largest country in Asia. China is the largest one of all the Asian countries.
③ 运用比较级表达最高级的概念： "比较级+than any other+名词单数"，"比较级+than the other+名词复数"或"比较级+than the rest of +the+名词复数"
Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.
= Julia is taller than the other girls in her class. = Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.
形容词比较级的用法
①用于两者比较，表示"比…更…"：
"A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+ B，e.g. I am two years older than my little sister.
"A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+ B：e.g. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
② "比较级+and+比较级"，这种结构表示事物本身程度的逐渐增长，意为"越来越…"。
e.g. In spring the days are getting longer and longer.
③ "the+比较级…the+比较级"，表示一方的程度随着另一方的程度的增长而增长，表示"越…，越…"。
e.g. The mort you practice using English，the better you'll learn it 你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。
④"A十动词十the+比较级+of短语（比较范围）"，这种结构表示"两者中更……的那一个"。当比较双方只出现一方（没有than及其后面的部分），且句中含有of the two……时，比较级前要加the.
e.g. Penny is the taller of the two girls. The larger of the two houses belongs to Mr. Black.
⑤表示两者程度不同的其他方式
可用more than(多于……)， not more than(不多于……)， less than(少于……)， not less than(不少于……)， less+形容词+ than(不如……)等。
We haven't got more than one hour left right now. It is less cold today than it was yesterday.
⑥ "not+比较级 +than"与"no+比较级+than" 这两个结构表达的意思完全不同:
前者往往表示"一方不比另一方……"，后者往往表示"前者和后者一样都不…"；
修饰说明数量时，前者表示"最多，不比……多"，后者表示"仅仅"，带有感情色彩。
I am not taller than you. 我不比你高。 I am no taller than you. 我和你一样高。
My French is not better than yours. My French is no better than yours.
She is not more than seven years old. She is no more than seven years old.
修饰比较级时常见的错误
1. more不可修饰比较级，但much可以用来加强比较级，意为"……的多，更……"
He looks more younger than I. (×) He looks much younger than I. (√ )
2. 比较的对象或范围出现错误。
1）The weather of Beijing is colder than Shanghai. (×) （比较的对象应该是上海的天气，而不是上海）
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai. (√)
2）China is larger than any country in Asia. (×)（出现了逻辑上的错误: 中国就是亚洲国家，应当排除在外。）
China is larger than any country in Africa. (√) 中国比非洲的任何国家都大。
China is larger than any other country in Asia. (√) 中国比亚洲的任何（其他的）国家都大。
特别提示
Than后面接代词时，一般要用主格，但在口语中也可使用宾格。如果than后是一个句子，则不可使用宾格。
He works harder than me. He works harder than I do.

副词的比较等级：
副词和形容词一样，也有原级、比较级和最高级三个等级。其构成方式有规则变化和不规则变化两种情况。规则变化的一般规律是：单音节词的比较级和最高级在词尾加-er或-est; 多音节词以及-ly结尾的副词（early除外），前面加more 或most.。不规则的变化式只能采用“各个击破”的办法去记忆。
1）规则变化 2）不规则变化

原级
比较级
最高级
soon
loud
fast
wide
early
happily
carefully
sooner
louder
faster
wider
earlier
more happily
more carefully
soonest
loudest
fastest
widest
earliest
most happily
most carefully

原级
比较级
最高级
well
badly
little
much
far
better
worse
less
more
farther（距离）
further（程度）

best
worst
least
most
farthest
furthest

一、副词的比较级的用法
1、单独使用:
Try to do better next time. He’ll come back sooner or later.  Please speak more slowly.
He swims better than I do. Can you do any better than that? He arrived earlier than usual. 
3、比较级前可有状语修饰：
You must work much faster. Can you come over a bit more quickly? 
4. as…as和not so…as结构 这两个结构也可结合副词使用：
1） as…as 可用在肯定句中，表示 “像…一样”，后面的副词要用原级：She can run as fast as a deer.
2）在否定句中，as…as和so…as都可以用：    I don’t go there as much as I used.   
I didn’t do as(so) well as I should. 
3）这种句子中也可以有一个表示程度的状语：    She can read twice as fast as he does. 
二、副词最高级的用法：副词最高级可修饰动词，前面多数不带定冠词the:
He laughs best who laughs last. (谚语) 谁笑在最后谁笑的最好。
Of the four of us, I sang (the) worst. 我们四人中我唱的最差。
三、副词比较级和最高级的特殊用法：副词比较级和最高级还可用在一些特别结构或短语中。
1）more and more 越来越…:
It rained more and more heavily.  She went farther and farther away. 
2）the more…the more 越…，越…： The more I work, the more I accomplish.
3）had better 最好： We’d better not disturb him. What had we better do?

二、英语书面表达专项训练
2．(B)根据要求完成大作文,词数:80-100
体育运动是中学生的共同爱好.请根据下面提示写一篇题为What We Get from Sports 的短文,应该包含以下要点:
1,学生参加体育运动的兴趣不同,理由各异.
2.多数学生学习疲倦时,通过运动来放松自己.
3.男孩参加各项体育运动,希望运动能使自己更强壮.
4.女孩也喜欢运动，希望运动使自己减肥和保持健康,苗条.
5.你对运动的观点.
6.注意:文中不得出现自己的名字和学校的名字
7.短文开头已给出,不计入词数.
8.参考词语:keep slim (保持苗条)
What We Get from Sports
Students in our school have one thing in common an interest in sports.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Students in our school have one thing in common an interest in sports. But different students have different reasons for taking part in sports.
Many students have sports when they feel tired after study. They just want to relax themselves and have fun. Most boys love sports. They take part in all kinds of sports in order to become stronger. They join in the sports that interest them most, such as soccer, basketball and volleyball. As for girls, they want to lose weight. They want to keep slim, so they also like taking exercise.
In my opinion, no matter what reasons we have, we all can get a lot from sports.
【解析】
【详解】
本篇写作主要是谈论自己对运动的观点和看法，应该用一般现在时态，写作要点要包括：1.提出目前学生对运动的不同看法及原因。2.具体分析（多数学生的观点、男生的观点、女生的观点）。3.提出自己对运动的观点。
亮点说明：这是一篇优秀的作文，很好地完成了试题规定的任务，语言表达符合英语习惯，准确运用时态，主谓一致，在文中使用了时间状语从句，定语从句，特别使用一些亮点词句，如have fun，in order to，as for，in my opinion等。增强逻辑关系，增加上下文意思连贯，句子通顺，行文连贯。

3．假如你是李华, 正在美国格林中学做交换生｡为了让更多的人了解中华文化, 你打算向学校申请建立一个社团( Chinese Culture Club)｡请用英语给学校负责老师Mr. Lee 写一份申请, 内容包括建立该社团的原因及社团的主要活动安排｡
提示词语: spread, experience, Beijing Opera, chopsticks, speech
提示问题: • Why do you want to start the club?
• What activities will you have in the club?

【答案】Dear Mr. Lee,
I’m writing to apply for starting a Chinese Culture Club.
As we know, more and more people are interested in Chinese culture, so a Chinese Culture Club can be a good chance for our students to learn more. In this club, students will work together to complete different projects. As a result, we can understand each other better and develop friendships.
We will have a variety of activities for students to experience Chinese culture, such as performing Beijing Opera, practising Chinese calligraphy, having paper-cutting competitions and so on. Moreover, we’ll hold some salons for students to share their life experiences in China and America. I believe everyone in the club will benefit a lot.
I hope this application will be approved. Thank you for your consideration.
Regards,
Li Hua
【解析】
【详解】
这是一篇材料作文，根据材料中的相关信息介绍一下中华文化。所提供的材料中列举了你打算向学校申请建立一个社团( Chinese Culture Club)。主要从建立该社团的原因及社团的主要活动安排这几个方面去介绍。时态为一般将来时，人称为第一人称。注意作文中必须包含材料和提示词的所有信息，并适当发挥。写作时，避免使用汉语式的英语，尽量使用我们熟悉的句子或短语。语法要正确，表达要符合英语习惯，注意时态、时间状语的搭配及主谓一致问题。写作中适当使用连词，注意上下文联系紧密，符合逻辑关系，表达具有条理性。
【高分句型一】
In this club, students will work together to complete different projects. 在这个俱乐部，学生们将共同完成不同的项目。
to complete different projects是动词不定式，做work together的目的。
【高分句型二】
I believe everyone in the club will benefit a lot. 我相信俱乐部里的每个人都会受益匪浅。
句子everyone in the club will benefit a lot.是宾语从句。

4．书面表达
86. 请你根据下面的提示和要求，写一篇展望2060年的短文。
某些人可能到月球上去度假：某些科学家可能在海底生活。每家都有可视电话（vidcophones），孩子可在家通过电视和广播学习，接受教育，机器人为你做家务……
要求：短文必须包括所有提示内容，同学们可以展开想象，做适当发挥。
词数：90调左右。
（开头已给出，但不计入总调数）。
The life in2060
Sometimes I dream about life in 2060. What will it______________________________________________Keys：
【答案】The life in 2060
Sometimes I dream about life in 2060. What will it be like？
Perhaps some people will go to the moon for a holiday，and some scientists will live under the sea. Maybe we'll have videophones in every home. We can have a medical examination or do some shopping without leaving our homes. And I'm sure there'll be more educational programmers on the radio and TV，so perhaps some children won't need to go to school every day. They'll study at home.
Many people don't like doing housework. Maybe in 2060 each family will have a robot to do shopping. housework，and so on. I believe the dream will be realized.
【解析】
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