高中虚拟语气讲解及练习题(含答案和解释).doc

虚拟语气讲解与练习

一. 简介
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气
在什么情况下用虚拟语气? 　　在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或表示某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。
二. 虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法
1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句
真：eg . If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实条件状语)（不是虚拟语气） 　　If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实条件状语）（不是虚拟语气）
非真：eg. If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。 （非真实条件状语从句） 　　If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（非真实条件状语从句）
2、用法及动词形式
1、表示与现在事实相反的情况，例1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） 　　2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） 　　3.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 　　4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱） 　　5.If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力　
2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 　　
例：1. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） 　　2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 　　
3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 例： 1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 （事实：来的可能性很小） 　　2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪） 　　3.If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 　　在表示建议、命令、要求等含义的宾语从句，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，"should＋动词原形"构成，should 可省略。 　　
4、 有时，主句和条件状语从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。 　　①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如： If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 　　If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了，②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如： If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。 　　If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他一直努力工作的话，他现在已进了办公室了。 　　
5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即将were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。如： 　　Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 　　Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 　　Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 　　
6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…., but for….等 　　　But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。 　　Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。 　　We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。 　　
7、 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。 　　①省略从句 　　He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 　　You could have passed this exam. 你应该能通过这次考试了。 　　②省略主句 　　If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。 　　If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。、

虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood)的其他用法
1、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句
　　a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 　　eg. I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你) 　　b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done(动词过去分词） 　　eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。（事实：原来不知道） 　　c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 　　谓语动词：should/would + 动词原形 　　eg. I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了） 　　(注：if only和as if/as though也有相同用法）
2、虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中
　　1.在for fear that, in case, lest引导的，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略 　　　She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。 　　He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 　　2、在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 　　He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。 　　He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。
3、虚拟语气的其他用法
1、一坚持(insist)二命令(order. command)三建议(advice. suggest. propose)四要求(demand. require. request. desire.)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。 　　如 He suggested that we (should) take the teacher’s advice 　　He insisted that we (should) take the teacher’s advice 　　He demand that we (should) take the teacher’s advice 　　He ordered that we (should) take the teacher’s advice 　　注：insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。 　　如：He insist he is a student. 他坚持说他是个学生。 　　这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。 　　suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。 　　如： His face suggests that he looks worried .他的表情暗含着他很担心。 　　这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。 　　③表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary. important. impossible. natural. strange. surprising. 　　funny. right. wrong. better. a pity等。句型：It is.......that 结构后的主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型 或只用动词原型。 2、 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如： Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。 　　
3、 在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： 　　① may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如： 　　We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。 　　We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。 　　I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 　　② may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如： 　　You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲 　　We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。 　　
4、一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： 　　表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构 　　过去 had + 过去分词； 　　现在 过去时(be 用were ) 　　将来 过去时(be 用were ) 如：I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。 I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。 We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 我们倒想你明天去那儿 　　
5、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形，即从句用虚拟过去式。 　　如It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。 　　It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。 　　
6、 简单句中的虚拟语气 　　（1） 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗？You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点。（2） 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他”。如： May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。 　　May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。（3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如： Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。God bless us. 上帝保佑。（4） 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。 (1) 提出请求或邀请。如： Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗？(2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。如：I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。(3) 提出劝告或建议。如：You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。 　　You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。(4) 提出问题。如：Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗？ 　　Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？ 　　(5) 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。如：You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。 　　You should have returned it to him. 你应该把它还给他了。
练习以及解析
　　1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made.
　　A. have read　　　　　　　　 B. had read
　　C. should have read　　　　 D. are reading

　　2.You are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier, you _____ him.
　　A. come; would meet　　　　　B. had come; would have met
　　C. come; will meet 　　　　　D. had come; would meet

　　3.The two students talked as if they _____ friends for years.
　　A. should be　　　　　 B. would be
　　C. have been　　　　　 D. had been

　　4.It is important that I _____ with Mr. Williams immediately.
　　A. speak　　　　　　　B. spoke
　　C. will speak　　　　 D. to speak

　　5.He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time.
　　A. was　　　　　 B. were
　　C. has been　　 D. had been

　　6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _____.
　　A. have laid there for two hours 　　　　　　 B. have been lied there for two hours
　　C. have lied there for two hours　　　　　　　D. have lain there for two hours

　　7.I wish that I _____ with you last night.
　　A. went　　　　 　B. could go
　　C. have gone　　　D. could have gone

　　8.Let’s say you could go there again, how _____ feel?
　　A. will you　　　　　B. should you
　　C. would you　　　　 D. do you

　　9.I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.
　　A. knew 　　　　　　　　　　 B. knows
　　C. has known　　 　　　　　　D. had known

　　10._____ the fog, we should have reached our school.
　　A. Because of　 　B. In spite of
　　C. In case of　　 D. But for

　　11.If you had told me in advance, I _____ him at the airport.
　　A. would meet　　　　　　 B. would had met
　　C. would have met　　　　 D. would have meet

　　12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_____ me how.
　　A. teaches 　　　　　　　　 B. will teach
　　C. has taught　　　　　　　 D. would teach

　　13.I would have told him the answer had it been possible, but I _____ so busy then.
　　A. had been　　　　　　　B. were
　　C. was　　　　　　　　　 D. would be

　　14.He’s working hard for fear that he _____.
　　A. should fall behind　　　　B. fell behind
　　C. may fall behind　　　　　 D. would fallen behind

　　15.If it _____ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.
　　A. had rained　　　　　B. would have rained
　　C. have seen　　　　　 D. rained

　　16.He suggested that they _____ use a trick instead of fighting.
　　A. should　　　　　　　 B. would
　　C. do　　　　　　　　　 D. had

　　17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _____ there.
　　A. not went　　　　　 B. won’t go
　　C. not go　　　　　　 D. not to go

　　18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _____ time.
　　A. had had　　　　　 B. have had
　　C. had　　　　　　　 D. would have had

　　19.Would you rather I _____ buying a new bike?
　　A. decided against　　　B. will decide against
　　C. have decided　　　　 D. shall decide against

　　20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you _____.
　　A. go to sleep　　　 　　　B. went to sleep
　　C. go to bed　　　　　　　 D. went to bed

　　21.—Why didn’t you buy a new car?
　　　 —I would have bought one if I _____ enough money.
　　A. had　　 　　　　 B. have had
　　C. would have　　　 D. had had

　　22.If she could sew, _____.
　　A. she make a dress 　　 　　　B. she would have made a shirt
　　C. she will make a shirt　　　 D. she would had made a coat

　　23._____ today, he would get there by Friday.
　　A. Would he leave　　　　 B. Was he leaving
　　C. Were he to leave　　　 D. If he leaves

　　24.His doctor suggested that he _____ a short trip abroad.
　　A. will take　　　　　B. would take
　　C. take　　　　　　　　D. took

　　25.The Bakers arrived last night. If they’d only let us know earlier,_____ at the station.
　　A. we’d meet them　　　　　　 B. we’ll meet them
　　C. we’d have met them　　　　 D. we’ve met them

　　26.If I _____ you, I _____ more attention to English idioms and phrases.
　　A. was; shall pay　　　　 　　　　B. am; will pay
　　C. would be; would pay　　　　　 D. were; would pay

　　27.We might have failed if you _____ us a helping hand.
　　A. have not given　　　　　B. would not give
　　C. had not given　　　　　 D. did not give

　　28.The law requires that everyone _____ his car checked at least once a year.
　　A. has　　 　　　　　　　　　 B. had
　　C. have　　　　　　　　　　　 D. will have

　　29.It is strange that he _____ so.
　　A. would say　　　　　 B. would speak
　　C. should say　　　　　D. will speak

　　30.Had I known her name, _____
　　A. or does she know mine?　　　　　　B. and where does she live?
　　C. she would be beautiful.　　　　　 D. I would have invited her to lunch.

　　31.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he _____ all about that.
　　A. know 　　　　　 B. knows
　　C. known　　　　　 D. knew

　　32.If I _____ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car.
　　A. possessed　　　　　　　　　 B. owned
　　C. had　　　　　　　　　　　　 D. had had

　　33.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he _____ to the meeting.
　　A. would come　　　　 　　　B. came
　　C. would have come　　　　　D. will come

　　34.The librarian insists that John _____ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he has borrowed.
　　A. will take　　　　　　　　　　 B. took
　　C. take　　　　　　　　　　　　　D. takes

　　35.I left very early last night, but I wish I _____ so early.
　　A. didn’t leave　　　　　　 B. hadn’t left
　　C. haven’t left　　　　　　 D. couldn’t leave

　　36.I do not have a job. I would find one but I _____ no time.
　　A. had　　 　　　　　　　　　　B. didn’t have
　　C. had had　　　　　　　　　　 D. have

　　37.I wish that you _____ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
　　A. hadn’t　　　　　 B. didn’t have had
　　C. hadn’t had　 　　D. hadn’t have

　　38.He insisted that we all _____ in his office at one o’clock.
　　A. be　　　　　　　　　 B. to be
　　C. would be　　　　　　 D. shall be

　　39.Helen couldn’t go to France after all. That’s too bad. I’m sure she would have enjoyed it if _____.
　　A. she’s gone　　　　　　　 B. she’ll go
　　C. she’d gone　　　　　　　 D. she’d go

　　40.I must go there earlier. John has suggested that I _____ an hour before the discussion begins.
　　A. go　　　　　　　　 B. shall go
　　C. will go　　　　　 D. would go

1—5 BBDAD 　　　　　　6—10 DDCAD　　　　 　　　　
11—15 CDCAA　　　　　16—20 ACAAD
21—25 DBCCC 　　　　 26—30 DCCCD　　　　 　　　　
31—35 DDCCB 　　　　 36—40 DCACD

　　解析：
　　1.wish后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
　　2.条件句表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。
　　3.as if后面如果表示真实情况就不用虚拟。
　　4.It is important that是主语从句的虚拟语气，从句用sb. should do的形式。
　　5.as if后面是真实情况，不虚拟。

　　6.lain是lie的过去分词，表示“躺”。
　　7.could have done表示“本来可以”。
　　8.与将来相反的虚拟语气，主句用过去将来时。
　　9.as if表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。
　　10.but for表示“要不是……的话”，通常与虚拟语气搭配使用。

　　11.in advance表示“事先”，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
　　12.wish的宾语从句表示发生在将来的愿望用过去将来时。
　　13.but的并列句表示真实情况，不用虚拟语气。
　　14.for fear that后面的状语从句用sb. should do的形式。
　　15.表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。

　　16.suggest后面的宾语从句用sb. should do的形式。
　　17.suggest后面的从句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。
　　18.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。
　　19.would rather的宾语从句用sb. did的形式。
　　20.It is time后面的定语从句用sb. did的形式。

　　21.第一个had是过去完成时，第二个had表示“有”。
　　22.would have done是过去将来完成时，表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。
　　23.这是虚拟语气的倒装形式，把if去掉，助动词提前。
　　24.suggest后面的从句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。
　　25.表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时。

　　26.在虚拟语气中，不管什么人称，be动词都要用were的形式。
　　27.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。
　　28.require后面的从句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。
　　29.It is strange that是主语从句的虚拟语气，从句用sb. should do的形式。
　　30.had I known是与过去相反的虚拟语气的倒装形式。

　　31.as if表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。
　　32.第一个had是过去完成时，第二个had表示“有”。
　　33.otherwise经常可以搭配虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反。
　　34.当insist表示“坚持认为”时不用虚拟形式。
　　35.wish后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。

　　36.but的并列句表示真实情况，不用虚拟语气。
　　37.wish后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
　　38.当insist表示“坚持要求”时从句用虚拟形式。
　　39.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。
　　40.suggest后面的从句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。