综合阅读解题技巧与练习.doc

综合阅读解题技巧与练习

中考英语试卷里，什么题占的版面最多，解答最费时，分值比重最高？同学们一定可以不假思索地回答——阅读。是的，阅读是中考卷的重点题型，全国各地的中考卷，阅读所占篇幅通常为3~7篇，如北京卷阅读共6篇，占总分值的36.7%；而上海卷为5篇，占38.6%;南京卷为7篇，占41.7%。在阅读文章时，生词不认识，复杂句型不理解，背景知识欠缺，这些都会导致解题时困难重重。特别是近两年新出现的综合阅读题型，很多同学更是望而生畏。
这些综合阅读新题型包括短文填空、任务型阅读表达、阅读短文还原句子、回答问题等。下面针对这些综合阅读题型给出一些解题技巧。

短文填空
该题型一般是在一篇短文中留出8~10个空白处，根据短文的内容以及上下文的意思，在空白处填入意思、语法都正确的单词，一空只能填一词。有的是在空白处给出首字母提示，有的是在方框中列出要填的词(通常会有一个多余的词)，有的甚至根本没有任何提示，全凭对上下文的理解。短文填空主要考查学生对知识应用的熟练程度，对语言的迁移能力和对语言信息的综合处理能力，反映出学生的英语素质。灵活性高，综合性也很强。
同学们在解答这类题型时要注意，首先要通读短文，了解文章大意，然后再复读短文抓住关键信息，前后照应填词。对不认识的生词可以根据构词知识或上、下文的意思加以猜测，来确定它的词义。另外，还要学会跳读，即对不理解的地方采用暂时回避的方式，待真正理解全文之后再找解决的方法。最后，要再次通读全文，对留空的句子进行全面的分析，看它在全文中所处的位置、作用和意义。这一遍阅读要求是精心阅读，要留心找出关键词、短语或句子，还要结合所给提示，进行填写，并注意单词的正确形式。
☆练练吧☆
用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，每个单词限用一次。

more, sound, uncomfortable, next, space, newspaper, between, different, shout, while

Do you get angry when someone stands too close to you or talks too loudly? Many of us do. What makes us feel 1 about these people?
Perhaps it’s about personal space. Some scientists say that humans need a distance 2
themselves and strangers.
Personal space means not only 3 around the body, but around the senses (感官). People may feel uncomfortable when with certain 4 or smells. For example, some people don’t like the sound of a man 5 into a mobile phone in a shop. Or maybe they don’t like sitting 6 to a woman on a bus with a lot of perfume (香水) on.
7 people like to protect their personal space, they may not know they are doing it. Many people hold 8 in front of them on the subway. Perhaps they are using the newspaper to separate (分离) themselves from other people.
How much people care about personal space is 9 from culture to culture. Some scientists say that people in the US need 10 personal space than people in other countries.
But in Latin cultures, people are more comfortable standing close to each other.

阅读还原
该题型要求学生阅读短文，从文后所给的句子中选出适当的填入文中。阅读还原主要考查学生对短文整体结构的驾驭能力，是否能理解故事情节和事件发展顺序以及段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系。此处所指各句子之间的逻辑关系，可分为：并列、顺序、递进、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。
1、并列关系指句与句之间处于平等并列的地位，互不相属，只是组合起来，共同说明一个话题。表达并列关系的常用连词和副词有and, at the same time等。
2、顺序关系指构成语段的各个句子只能按事物的发展过程由先而后的顺序排列，不可以随便改动次序。表达顺序关系的常用连词和副词有：first, second, third (或firstly, secondly, thirdly…), and, then, after that, finally等。
3、递进关系指句群按语义的轻重、认识的深浅进行由轻到重、由浅入深的排列。表达递进关系的常用连词和副词有：above all, what’s more, moreover, besides, in addition等。
4、转折关系指句与句之间存在着意义的转折。按这种关系组织起来的句群通常表达“对比”、“对照”的意思。表达转折关系的常用连词和副词有：but, however, yet, while等。
5、总分关系指前边的句子陈述两个或两个以上的情况，后边的句子紧接着分别对它们加以说明。用这种方式组织起来的句群能够前后呼应，条分缕析。
6、解释关系指后面的句子是对前面的句子作解释、引申、例证，使意义更加明了、具体。表达解释关系的常用连词和副词有：because, as, for, since等。
7、因果关系是一种特殊的解释关系，但不能反过来说，解释关系都是因果关系。按因果关系组成的句群有两种排列方式：一种是从因到果。另一种是从果到因。表达因果关系的常用连词和副词有： that’s why, so, so that, as a result等。
同学们解阅读还原题时，要着眼全文，理解其内容、结构和逻辑关系。在读完短文后,要迅速阅读文后所给句子，明确各句的意思，做到心中有数，为下一步的阅读做好铺垫。读完备选句后，大家要细读全文，对空格前后的句子，要反复读，找出关键词，根据文章结构、逻辑关系做出正确的选择。在填好答案之后，从头至尾再把短文读一篇，从语意、语境的角度核查所选句子是否正确。
☆练练吧☆
阅读短文，从文后五个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。
At last, the mid-term exams are over. You’ve done the hard work, 1 . You have to prepare for the next exams. Do you hate exams? If you do you’re not alone. Students in other countries hate exams as well.
Luckily for them, British students have fewer exams than Chinese students. And they only have them once a year. Every summer they take a test in each subject. 2
When the results come out they are then placed in an end-of-year report. 3 It describes how the student performed and behaved (表现) throughout the year.
This report is private (私密的) so only the teacher, the student and his or her parents see it. This means that the students don’t know how other students scored in the tests. Some students choose to tell each other, but others keep it secret.
4 ; at the end of the winter term and then at the end of the summer term. Children go along with their parents to meet their teachers privately and discuss their performance at school.
A. So you can have a break now
B. But you can’t relax
C. Parents’ meetings are held twice a year
D. The report is sent to the child’s parents
E. Each test lasts about an hour

任务型阅读表达
此类题型要求学生在理解语篇的基础上进行信息的重组和加工表达，完成相应的图表或文字练习，全面考查学生阅读理解、归纳、概括、判断、应用和语篇结构理解等综合运用语言的能力。任务型阅读表达有如下四种常见形式：
1、句型转换(主要是复合句与简单句的转换)
① 宾语从句→疑问词+ to do；② 简单句→宾语从句；③ 主动、被动转换；④ 一些状语从句转换，如：after+从句→ not…until +从句；⑤ 同义句转换，常是一些固定搭配、习惯用法等，如：so…that → too…to → enough to…；spend time doing sth → it takes sb some time to do sth等。
要想做好句型转换，就要注意平时的积累，掌握好语法，积累习语、固定搭配等。
2、完成句子
根据文章内容完成句子；写出文中划线部分的同义词或者近义词；在文中空白处填入适当的单词等。这类题目也重在平时积累。

3、翻译文中划线句子
这种题目常常要求将文中的某一句译成英语(文中给出中文句子)，或者将某一句英语译成汉语等。汉译英时，需要联系上下文，注意时态、语态，保证句子语法准确；英译汉时，一定要联系上下文，结合语境，反复斟酌，保证汉语的通顺性。
4、概括段落大意、文章大意或给文章拟标题
这种概括性的句子一般出现在首尾段或者某段的首尾句，有时需要用自己的话概括。因此，在阅读时，要着重注意这些地方，以及一些高频词，因为它们可能是主题词，关注它们有利于整合出主题句。
总之，这类阅读理解不但考查学生阅读理解的能力，还考查学生“写”的能力。因此，在写的过程中应特别注意书写规范，比如单词的大小写、词形、词性、语法，以及固定搭配等。
☆练练吧☆
I was sitting in my chair, listening to the strange sound. I was (A) scared and pulled myself up into a ball.
This was the third time I had heard the sound. I didn’t know who or what made the sound and it (B)让我害怕. It sounded like someone was knocking at my window, but I live on the ninth floor!
(C) I was too scared to open my eyes or move until the sound stopped. It was as if the temperature dropped when the sound began.
I thought about asking for help, but I was sure people would laugh at me. “There are no such things as ghosts (鬼),” they’d say.
“There it is again!” I shouted one day. My mom came upstairs and asked me what was going on. (D) Then she heard the strange sound. She went into the bathroom. I wanted to stop my mom because I was afraid that something would happen to her. But she started laughing.
“It’s OK, Amy. It’s just a strong wind making your curtain (窗帘) shake and knock at the window.”
I was very surprised. Since then, I’ve started thinking more scientifically. There are no ghosts. I don’t need to be afraid. If something like this happens again, I’ll do what Mom did and try and find the real explanation.

1. 写出文中划线部分(A)的同义词语或近义词语。
________________________________________________________________________
2. 将文中划线部分(B)译成英语。
________________________________________________________________________

3. 将文中划线部分(C)译成中文。
________________________________________________________________________
4. Why did the writer want to stop her mom from entering her bathroom?
________________________________________________________________________
5. 将文中划线部分改写为一个状语从句。
________________________________________________________________________

回答问题
回答问题类阅读通常是在一篇文章后设计几个问题，一般为5道。这类题型主要考查学生阅读理解能力和语言的组织能力。
问题设计一般比较简单，多数考题针对文章中的细节，答案都能在原文中找到出处，最后一个问题通常为开放性题目，只要言之成理就能得分。因为是问答题，所以一定要依据问句的形式和内容答题。题型主要有：
1、通常第一题是一般疑问句，所以要用yes或no来回答；特殊疑问句要根据特殊疑问词具体回答。
例如：Was Mrs Dodd’s life hard when she was young? (2012年吉林省中考E篇阅读理解，下同) 此题答案应该是Yes, it was./Yes. 因为是一般疑问句，在回答时还要注意句子人称、时态等。
回答特殊疑问句较为复杂，要注意问题与回答在形式上的对应。如问目的，就应用for短语，或不定式短语等来回答；问原因，就应当用because of 短语或because从句来回答；疑问词是what时，应该用完整句子、名词或名词性短语、名词性从句来回答；而当when，where等提问时，要记住答语中的介词。
2、如果是细节题，应注意句子的意义和语法结构，如：时态、语态、第三人称单数、词性、词语搭配等。
例如：Why did Mrs Dodd want to have Father’s Day? 此题回答时，需要注意问题问的why, 故回答需要用Because, 主语是第三人称单数she, 时态是一般过去时。故本题答案是：Because she wanted to thank her father for what he had done for them.
3、如果是概括主题思想或者自拟题目，一定要找到主题句(往往是首句或结尾句)。如果没有主题句，概括时应全面简练。
组织答语时，避免使用不熟悉的句型、词汇或短语，尽可能用原文中的关键词语回答问题，但不能照抄原句，要对原文进行总结归纳。此外，避免语言形式的错误，如拼写、标点符号、大小写等。同时，避免语法错误，要注意主谓是否一致、时态与原文是否对应等。总的来说，这类题重在表达，所以，要精炼概括，言简意赅。另外，特别注意个别题目有时有字数要求。

☆练练吧☆

My dad was a fisherman. He had his own boat, but it was hard making a living on the sea. He worked hard and would stay out until he caught enough to feed the family.
He was a big man, and he was strong from pulling the nets and fighting the seas for his catch. When you got close to him, he smelled like the ocean.
When the weather was bad he would drive me to school in his old truck. That truck was older than he was. You could hear it coming for blocks. On the way, I would shrink (退缩) down into the seat hoping to disappear. He would pull right up in front of the school. It seemed that everybody would be standing around and watching. Then he would give me a big kiss on the cheek (脸颊). It was so embarrassing!
One day I decided I was too old for a goodbye kiss. When we got to school, he had his usual big smile. He started to lean (倾斜) toward me, but I put my hand up and said, “No, Dad.” It was the first time I had ever talked to him that way. “Dad, I’m too old for a goodbye kiss.”
My Dad looked at me for the longest time, and his eyes started to tear up. I had never seen him cry. He turned and looked out. “You’re right,” he said. “You are a big boy...a man.”
It wasn’t long before my Dad went to sea and never came back.
I wish that my Dad would give me just one more kiss....to feel his old face....to smell the ocean on him.
I wish I had been a man then. If I had been a man, I would never have told my Dad I was too old for a goodbye kiss.

回答下列问题：
1. What was the writer’s father’s job?
________________________________________________________________________
2. How did the writer get to school when the weather was bad?
________________________________________________________________________
3. How did the writer feel when his father gave him a goodbye kiss on the cheek?
________________________________________________________________________
4. Why did the writer refuse the goodbye kiss one day?
________________________________________________________________________
5. What happened to the writer’s father according to the last three paragraphs?
________________________________________________________________________
第 6 页 八年级特训班：综合阅读解题技巧与练习 共 6 页