虚拟语气讲义.doc

虚拟语气精讲

第一部分：简单句中的虚拟语气
一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐！
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用动词原形。例如：
(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！
(2).“God bless you,” said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！
三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）
(1).God save me．
(2).Heaven help us．
四、表命令
1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些习惯表达中。如：
(1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
(2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。

第二部分
一、If 条件句虚拟语气
If time permits, we'll go fishing together. （真实）
如果假设的情况与事实相反，则为"虚拟条件句"。
If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home. （与过去事实相反）
If I were you, I would study harder. (与现在事实相反)
If it should rain tomorrow, I might stay at home. (与将来事实相反)
If he were to go tomorrow, he might tell you.
If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.
1.      一般结构：

主 句
从 句
与过去事实相反

与过去事实相反

与将来事实相反

2.      省略（倒装）
If 有时可省略，那么从句中的动词(were, had, should)就得移到主语前面：
If she were younger, she would do it.
Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词were移到主语she的前面)
If he had tried it, he could have done it.
Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主语he的前面)
If it should rain tomorrow, the crops might be saved.
Should it rain tomorrow, the crops might be saved.
3.      含蓄条件句虚拟语气
有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用介词(如without, but for等)引出的短语、分词(如supposing等)引出的短语、并列连词(如or, otherwise, but, though等)、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。例如：
But for you help, we couldn’t have finished the task in time.
Thanks for your timely help, or I couldn’t have arrived at the station on time.
4.      混合时态条件句虚拟语气
在错综条件句子中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。
1) 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：
If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
2) 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：
If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.
3) 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：
If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.
4) 从句表示将来，主句表示现在：
If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
5) If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。(从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。)
6) If he had followed the doctor's advice, he would recover already.如果他遵照医生的劝告，现在病就好了。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。)
二、在It is (about /high) time引导的定语从句中，也可以根据需要使用虚拟语气，用以表示"(此刻)该做……而没有做"的意思，其谓语动词用过去时或"should＋动词原形(用should时，不能将其省略)"。例如：
1)It is time I should leave.我该走了。
2)It is about time that you got(should get) dressed.你该穿衣服了。
三、would rather， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或"对过去做的事的懊悔"。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn't happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．
(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．
(10).Frankly speaking ，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．
四、as if /though可以引出一个状语从句也可以引出一个表语从句。当as if／though跟在be，feel，look，seem，sound等系动词之后时，引导的是表语从句；如果主句的谓语动词不是联系动词be等，as if／though引导的则是方式状语从句。无论是哪种类型的从句，只要从句的内容是不真实的，都必须用虚拟语气。当从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反要用"had＋过去分词"；表示与将来可能相反的则用"would(could，might)＋动词原形"。例如：
1)I feel as if I were going to faint.我感到我像要昏过去似的。(与现在事实相反的表语从句)
2)She cried as if her heart could be broken.她哭的好像心都要碎了。(与将来可能相反的主语从句)
3）It looks as if it is going to rain.
五、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
六、if only引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构，现在已成为惯用法，表达愿望。从句用过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望；对过去没有实现或不能实现的愿望，从句就用过去完成时。这类句型表示一种不真实的条件，常译成"要是……就好了！"例如：
1)If only I had taken mother's advice.我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了。
2)If only I could speak several foreign languages.我要是能讲几种外语就好了。
3）If only I were you.
七、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：
表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order
表示“主张”的：maintain, urge
表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist
1)It is moved that Lucy give a performance at the party.有人提议露茜在晚会上表演一个节目。
2）The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting be discussed
八、在以in order that, so that, lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气。从句中的谓语动词用"may(might)＋动词原形"或"should＋动词原形"。在以lest引导的从句中，谓语动词用"should＋动词原形"。
九、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。
I had hoped that he would go to the U.S. and study there, but he said she liked to stay in China.
十、“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中的虚拟语气
在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should ＋动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should）
常用的形容词：* natural, appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better , necessary, important, imperative (急需的), urgent , essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable , possible ,  desirable (极好的)，compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable，essential，imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），necessary，possible，strange，urgent。
1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (
2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make)3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.(important, should + be)
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take)
6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do)
7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible．
8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project．
9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening．
注：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。
10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience．汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。
十一、
I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn’t said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了
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