初高中英语学习衔接---句子结构.doc

初高中英语学习衔接（II）---------句子结构
I. 句子成分members of a sentence
英语句子的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)、补语（complement）和同位语（apposition）。

II. 英语句子的结构
1、英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。
掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 不及物动词
二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋连系动词＋表）
三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 及物动词
四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 及物动词
五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 及物动词

2、句子的核心：主语+谓语
主语：表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式或从句等可作句子的主语。
谓语：用来说明主语的行为、动作或所处的状态。谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角。
(1). We study.
(2). We are students.
(3). Dogs are lovely.
(4). Going to college is a good opportunity for us to further our education.

3、基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ (主＋谓) （不及物动词）
(1). The sun rose.
(2). Who cares?
(3). What he said does not matter.
(4). They talked for half an hour.
(5). The pen writes smoothly.
Translation:
(1). 他死了。

(2). 昨晚什么事也没有发生。

(3). 我的书销路很好。

(4). 他为丢失了我的词典再次向我表示道歉。

4、基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
(1). This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
(2). The dinner smells good.
(3). He fell in love.
(4). Everything looks different.
(5). He is growing tall and strong.
(6). Our well has gone dry.
(7). His face turned red.

连系动词：连系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
连系动词的分类：
1. 表状态的系动词
be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, feel, sit, stand, lie, keep, stay, continue
2. 表转变或结果的系动词
become, get, grow, turn, go, come, fall, prove
Translation:
(1). 我的头发全变白了。

(2). 孩子们随着长大会变得更聪明。

(3). 我们任何时候都应保持谦逊。

(4). 我们是来自666班的学生。

5、基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）及物动词
(1). Who knows the answer?
(2). He has refused to help them.
(3). He enjoys reading.
(4). He said "Good morning."
(5). He admits that he was mistaken.
Translation:
(1). 我们那个地方的农民种植很多蔬菜。

(2). 他把杂志放在我的桌子上。

(3). 他卖掉了他的房子。

(4). 我喜欢读外国故事。

6、基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）及物动词
Eg: Give me a cup of tea please.
Give a cup of tea to me please.
(1). She ordered herself a new dress.
(2). He brought you a dictionary.
(3). I showed him my pictures.
(4). I told him that the bus was late.
(5). He showed me how to run the machine.
Translation:
(1). 请递给我一支钢笔好吗？

(2). 只要你不泄气，我会给你找个好机会的。

7、基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。
(1). They painted the door green.
(2). This set them thinking.
(3). They found the house deserted.
(4). He asked me to come back soon.
(5). I saw them getting on the bus.
(6). The war made him a soldier.
Translation:
(1). 我发现他是个诚实的人。

(2). 有人发现他流浪在街头。

(3). 我看见小汤姆正在被他父母惩罚。

(4). 没人注意到办公室被破门而入了。

Practice
1. Ｓ Ｖ 2. Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ 3. Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ
4. Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ 5. Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ
(1). Please tell us a story._______
(2). She smiled.______
(3). I asked him to help me._____
(4). His job is to train swimmers._____
(5). He noticed a man enter the room._____
(6). My father runs a big shoe factory._____

8、定语：
定语对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。
(1). Two boys need two pens. (2). His name is Tom.
(3). The boy in blue is Tom. (4). The boy there needs a pen.
(5). The boy needs a ball pen.
(6). There is nothing to do today.
(7). The pen bought by her is made in China.
(8). The sleeping baby is my cousin.
(9). The boy you will know is Tom.
9、状语：
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，表方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
(1). The boy needs a pen now.
(2). The boy needs a pen very much.
(3). We are studying in the classroom.
(4). Arriving there, remember to call me up.
(5). To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.
(6). Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.
(7). Even though learning is slow and hard, the result is wonderful.
10、 同位语：
同位语用来对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明
(1). We students should study hard.
(2). They each can get a chance to travel by air.
(3). Are you three ready to start out?
(4). The news that our class will hold a party is true.
11、独立成分：
与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。
(1). 感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah, yes, no等。
Oh, no. I never thought it would be so worse.
Aha! I’ve got you right here.
(2). 称呼语：称呼人的用语。
Ladies and gentlemen, I have something important to tell you.
(3). 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
The story, I think, has never come to the end.

Practice
(一) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ How many new words did you learn last class?
④ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑤ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
(二) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② The leaves have turned yellow.
③ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
(三) 挑出下列句中的定语
① What is your given name?
② I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
③ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
④ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
(五) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
(六) 划分句子成分
(1). You will tell your friend that you’ve got to school.

(2). Scientists say the weather is becoming warmer and warmer year by year.

(3). The milk went bad.

(4). Keep the children quiet, please.

(5). Will you have Mary call me back?

(6). You will tell your friend that you've got to school.

(7). Scientists say the weather is becoming warmer and warmer year by year.

(8). The milk went bad.

(9). Keep the children quiet, please.

(10). Will you have Mary call me back?