从篇章结构角提高学生阅读理解能力.pptx

一考查的内容：本部分测试考生理解关于一般性话题的英语简短文章的能力”（具体），强调“一般性话题”和“简短文章”，暗示选材不会超越中学生应有的知识涵盖面。二考查的目的1.这个题型集中、全面地考查考生从阅读中准确获取信息的能力，2.强调考生对语篇的整体把握能力，3.对语言文化因素的运用能力和解决实际问题的能力。三试题的类型1.客观性试题 一般要求考生通过扫读全文或细读文章的某个部分，从而获得解题所需要的信息。（考题中的细节题）2.主观性试题 要求考生透过文章的字面信息进行分析、归纳、推理或想象，如对作者的写作意图，人物性格特征、行为动机，事件的前因后果、故事的发展走向，文章的中心思想等作出合理判断。（考题中的主旨大意题，篇章结构题，写作的目的和对象，以及猜词义和句义题）四题目的类型1.主旨归纳题1）主题型主旨归纳题2）作者意图类的主旨归纳题3）标题类主旨归纳题主旨归纳题答题要诀1.善用寻读法，找准主题句1)读首句抓大意（这些文章开门见山提出主题，随之用细节来解释或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。在说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道多采用这种格式）2）读尾句抓大意（这类文章通常先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，在表述细节后归纳要点，最后自然地得出结论，即段落的主题）3）从段落中抓大意（此类文章往往以一句或几句话来表达主题，在主题句出现后，再举例陈述细节或继续论证，即引题主题思想解释或继续论证）4）归纳要点抓大意（文章没有明确的主题句，考生必须根据文章的内容，进行综合分析，找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。这类文章通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实.)2.推理判断题正确理解作者的观点、立场和寓意纵观全文、看清文章机构、抓住细节、周密分析、合理推断作选择时要使你所选答案与作者的立场保持一致。这也是一条原则3.词义理解的解决方法根据定义和解释来猜测词义根据同义、反义、同等、同位、对等关系猜测词义据因果关系和上下文猜测词义4.细节题steps1.每段的topic sentence2.总结 main idea,style,structure3.浓缩main idea,选择tiltle 体会作者的purpose，attitude,for whom4.解决detail 与whole 的关系（段落中）准确理解所猜new words 与 sentence 的意 思 Three years ago,five parrots were set free in a wild place of Arizona,thousands of miles from the Channel IsIands in Jersey where they had been looked after by zookeepers.No evolutionary strategies informed them how to behave in this new Iandscape of mountainous pine forest unoccupied by their kind for 50 years.To the researchers surprise,they failed to make contact with a group of wild parrots imported from Mexico and set free at the same time.Within 24 hours the reintroducing ended in failure,and the poor birds were back in cages,on their way to the safety of the Arizona reintroduction programme.Ever since then,the programme has enjoyed great success,mainly because the birds now being set free are Mexican birds illegally caught in the wild,confiscated(没收)on arrival north of the border,and raised by their parents in the safety of the programme.The experience shows how little we know about the behaviour and psychology(心理)of parrots,as Peter Bennett,a bird researcher,points out:”Reintroducing species of high intelligence like parrots is a lot more difficult.People like parrots,always treating them as nothing more than pets or valuable collectables.”Now that many species of parrot are in immediate danger of dying out,biologists are working together to study the natural history and the behaviour of this family of birds.Last year was an important turning point:conservationists founded the World Parrot Trust,based at Hayle in Cornwall,to support research into both wild and caged birds.Research on parrots is vital for two reasons.First,as the Arizona programme showed,when reintroducing parrots to the wild,we need to be aware of what the birds must know if they are to survive in their natural home.We also need to learn more about the needs of parrots kept as pets,particularly as the Trusts campaign does not attempt to discourage the practice,but rather urges people who buy parrots as pets to choose birds raised by humans.STEPSI.Topic sentence of each paragraph:1.the reintroducing ended in failure,and the poor birds were back in cages.(段中）2.The experience shows how little we know about the behaviour and psychology(心理)of parrots.（段中）3.biologists are working together to study the natural history and the behaviour of this family of birds.（段首）4.Research on parrots is vital for two reasons.（段首）IIMain idea:几年前，人们将几只笼养的鹦鹉放归自然，但由于这些鹦鹉难以适应野外生活，又飞回了他们的笼子里。这一现象引起人们的关注，我们应该对它们的行为和心理有更多的了解。Style:exposition Structure:1.由实验引出一个现象 2.分析实验失败的原因 3.这个试验的必要性 4.建议人们应该怎么做III1.写作目的通常有以下三种：娱乐读者说服读者接受某种观点告知读者某些信息2.FOR WHOM THIS PASSAGE IS?IVThe relationship between each paragraph or in one paragraph:55.What do we know about the area where the five parrots were reintroduced?A.Its landscape is new to parrots of their kind.B.It used to be home to parrots of their kind.C.It is close to where they had been kept.D.Pine trees were planted to attract birds.对原文句子的同义重复No evolutionary strategies informed them how to behave in this new Iandscape of mountainous pine forest unoccupied by their king for 50 years.IV56.The reintroducing experience three years ago shows that man-raised parrots _.A.can find their way back home in JerseyB.are unable to recognize their parents C.are unable to adapt to the wild D.can produce a new species正确选项的特征特征就是对原文相关信息的同义重复，分别有词汇、句子或词句之间等不同层面的重复 To the researchers surprise,they failed to make contact with a group of wild parrots imported from Mexico and set free at the same time.IV57.Why are researches on parrots important according to the passage?A.The Trust shows great concern for the programme.B.We need to knows more about how to preserve parrots C.Many people are interested in collecting parrots.D.Parrots intelligence may some day benefit people正确选项的特征特征就是对原文相关信息的同义重复，分别有词汇、句子或词句之间等不同层面的重复第4段Research on parrots is vitalIMPORTANT for two reasons。First,as the Arizona programme showed,when reintroducing parrots to the wild,we need to be aware of what the birds must know if they are to survive in their natural home.IV58.According to the passage,peple are advised_.A.to treat wild and caged parrots equally B to set up cmfortable homes for parrotsC.not to keep wild parrots as pets D.not to let more parrots go to the wild第4段最后一句We also need to learn more about the needs of parrots kept as pets(主句）,particularly as the Trusts campaign does not attempt to discourage the practice,but rather urges people（who buy parrots as pets）t o choose birds raised by humans（从句）.理解长难句 PRACTICE When I was seven my father gave me a Timex,my first watch.I loved it,wore it for years,and havent had another one since it stopped ticking a decade ago.Why?Because I dont need one.I have a mobile phone and Im always near someone with an iPod or something like that.All these devices(装置)tell the time-which is why,if you look around,youll see lots of empty wrists;sales of watches to young adults have been going down since 2007.But while the wise have realized that they dont need them,others apparently including some distinguished men of our time are spending total fortunes on them.Brands such as Rolex,Patek Philippe and Bretling command shocking prices,up to 250,000 for a piece.This is ridiculous.Expensive cars go faster than cheap cars.Expensive clothes hang better than cheap clothes.But these days all watches tell the time as well as all other watches.Expensive watches come with extra functions-but who needs them?How often do you dive to 300 metres into the sea or need to find your direction in the area around the South Pole?So why pay that much of five years school fees for watches that allow you to do these things?If justice were done,the Swiss watch industry should have colsed down when the Japanese discovered how to make accurate watches for a five-pound note.Instead the Swiss reinvented the watch,with the aid of millions of pounds worth of advertising,as a message about the man wearing it.Rolexes are for those who spend their weekends climbing icy mountains;a Patek Philippe is for one from a rich or noble family;a Breitling suggests you like to pilot planes across the world.Watches are now classified as“investments”(投资).A 1994 Philippe recently sold for nearly 350,000,while 1960s Rolexes have gone from 15,000 to 30,000 plus in a year.But a watch is not an investment.Its a toy for self-satisfaction,a matter of fashion.Prices may keep going up-theyve been rising for 15 years.But when of fashion.Prices may keep going up-theyve been rising for 15 years.But when fashion moves on,the owner of that 350,000 beauty will suddenly find his pride and joy is no more a good investment than my childhood Times.I.Topic sentence of each paragraph:Para1:I dont need a watch now because some things can tell me time.(归纳要点抓大意）Para2:others apparently including some distinguished men of our time are spending total fortunes on them.(段首）Pare3:but who needs them?(段中）Para4:give us some examples of watch producers.(归纳要点抓大意）Para5:Watches are now classified as“investments”(投资).(段首）IIMain idea:作为有计时功能的手表已被同样有此功能的手机。IPOD等代替，但是另一方面社会上有一些人却花很大一笔钱买手表。手表作为计时工具的作用正在逐渐改变,人们将它作为一种投资。Style:expositionStructure:1-3段作者觉得花大量的钱在表上很荒唐，应该没有人买表。4段：厂家有一定的消费群。5段：人们买表是为了投资。III3.浓缩主题，选择标题62。Which would be the best title for the passage?A Timex or Rolex?B My Childhood TimexC Watches?not for Me!D Watches-a Valuable Collection主旨归纳题答题要诀浓缩主题，选择标题标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容、点明文章主题。它是文章中心思想的最精炼的表达，可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心。标题的特点是：短小精悍，多问短语；概括性强，一般要求能覆盖全文大意，表达精确，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。选择标题应注意一下几点：1）.要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑选项与文章主题是否有密切的关系；2）再看它对文章的概括性和覆盖性如何，看题目是否过大还是过小；3）要避免下列三种错误：概括不够，以偏概全过度概括 以事实、细节替代抽象、具体的大意。作者的态度和意图Ridiculous;if justice were done;But when fashion moves on,the owner of that 350,000 beauty will suddenly find his pride and joy is no more a good investment than my childhood Times.作者对此事持反对的态度。FOR WHOM?The relationship between each paragraph or in one paragraph:59 The sales of watches to young people have fallen because they_.A have other devices to tell the timeB think watches too expensiveC prefer to wear an iPod D have no sense of time第一段的大意All these devices(装置)tell the time.对原文句子的同义重复60.It seems ridiculous to the writer that_.A people dive 300 metres into the seaB expensive clothes sell better than cheap onesC cheap cars dont run as fast as expensive onesD expensive watches with unnecessary functions still sell 第2段Topic sentence 的具体解释。细节与段意之间的相互作用。（篇章结构）But these days all watches tell the time as well as all other watches.Expensive watches come with extra functions-but who needs them?61 What can be learnt about Swiss watch industry from the passage?A It targets rich people as its potential customers.B Its hard for the industry to beat its competitors.C It wastes a huge amount of money in advertising.D Its easy for the industry to reinvent cheap watches.对第4段的某个细节的推理判断。是其中一个商家针对的消费人群。Rolexes are for those who spend their weekends climbing icy mountains;a Patek Philippe is for one from a rich or noble family;a Breitling suggests you like to pilot planes across the world.对原文中三个句子的解释。瑞士三种品牌表所针对的消费者。D A few years ago,paul Gerner began to gather a group of architects in Las vegas to ask them what it would take to design a public school that used 50 percent less energy,cost much less to build and obviously improved student learning.”I think half of then fell off their chairs,”Gerner says.Gerner manages school facilities(设施)for Clark county,Nevada,a district roughly the size of Massachusetts.By 2018,143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system.Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them.Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes(样品);they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009.The district will then assess how well the schools perform,and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.Green schools are appearing all over,but in Clark County,which stands out for its vastness,such aggressive targets are difficult because design requirements like more natural light for students go against the realities of a desert climate.”One of the biggest challenges is getting the right site orientation(朝向),”Mark McGinty,a director at SH Architecture,says.His firm recently completed a high school in Las Vegas.“You have the same building,same set of windows,but if its orientation is incorrect and it faces the sun,it will be really expensive to cool.”Surprisingly,the man responsible for one of re most progressive green-design competitions has doubts about ideas of eco-friendly buildings.”I dont believe in the new green religion,”Gerner says.”Gerner says.”Some of the building technologies that you get are impractical.Im interested in those that work.”But he wouldnt mind if some green features inspire students.He says he hopes to set up green energy systems that allow them to learn about the process of harvesting wind and solar power.”You never know whats going to start the interest of a child to study math and science,”he says.63How did the architects react to Gerners design requirements?A.They lost balance in excitement.B.they showed strong disbelief.C.they expressed little interest.D.they burst into cheers.64Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project?A.AssessmentPrototypeDesignConstruction.B.AssessmentDesignPrototypeConstruction.C.DesignAssessmentPrototypeConstruction.D.DesignPrototypeAssessmentConstruction.65What makes it difficult to build green schools in Clark County?A.The large size.B.Limited facilities.C.The desert climate.D.Poor natural resources.66What dose Gerner think of the ideas of green schools?A.They are questionable.B.They are out of date.C.They are advanced.D.They are practical.根据上文猜词义文章的逻辑顺序细节题对最后一段话前一部分的总结总结。做阅读题要在预览全文掌握大意的基础上做阅读题要在预览全文掌握大意的基础上进行进行，正确选项的特征特征就是对原文相关信息的同义重复，分别有词汇、句子或词句之间等不同层面的重复（即答案选项能在原文中找到相对应的信息），而理解长难句和猜测词义往往也是阅读理解的两大障碍。