高中英语名词用法归纳(全面).doc

       英语名词用法归纳  2015-12
一.  名词的分类：名词分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词-----个人，地方,机构等专有名称. China, Shanghai, Li lei.
普通名词---- 个体名词: 某类人或东西中的个体.如 boy, dog, country.
集体名词: 若干个体组成的集合体.如 family, team, police, class.
物质名词: 无法分为个体的实物。如 cotton，tea,  air,  water, flour.
抽象名词: 动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness.
个体名词和集体名词又叫做可数名词.
物质名词和抽象名词又叫做不可数名词.
二.  名词的数：可数名词都有单数和复数之分。
1． 规则的可数名词的复数变化规则：
1) 一般情况加 s 。如：books  mouths   houses  girls.
2) 以 s , sh , ch , x 结尾的加 es 。如：classes  boxes   matches   （但: stomachs）.
3) 辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies 。如：cities   countries   parties  factories.
4) 以 o 结尾的词多数 +es。如： heroes  Negroes  tomatoes  potatoes  zeroes/zeros.
   以 o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母 +s. 如：  radios, zoos, bamboos ,pianos ,kilos photos.
5) 以f， fe 结尾的多数 +es。如：leaves  lives  wives  knives  halves  wolves.
   但是：也有一些 + s。 如：roofs  proofs,  gulfs,  beliefs, handkerchiefs/handkerchieves.
3. 不规则的可数名词的变化规则：
1) man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, child—children, mouse—mice,
2) 单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works,
fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes; There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.
3) 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.
man servant—men servants.      (boy/girl students) woman doctor—women doctors.
4.复合名词的复数形式: son-in-law---sons-in-law , looker-on—lookers-on, 主体名词变化
film-goer—film-goers,  grown-up—grown-ups  没有主体名词,在词尾加复数
5.字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加 ’s 或 s : There are two l’s in the word “ all ”. Your 7’s and 9’s look alike.
It happened in the 1960’s /1960s. I will not accept your if’s and but’s.
6. 物质名词一般没有复数，有时用复数形式表示不同种类， wheats, fruits, vegetables,有时表示比原文更广的词义，
wood (木头)—woods(树林),  water(水)—waters(水域), sand(沙子)—sands(沙滩), manner(方式)—manners(礼貌)
7. 抽象名词一般不可数；但是如果表示某一具体的情况，或各种各样的也有可数名词的用法。
He jumped with joy.------ My children are a great joy to me.
常用的抽象名词具体化的有: a surprise/ a pleasure / a success / a failure / a help /an honor…
8. 定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人。 the Turners,  the Smiths,  the Wangs.
9. 集体名词people, police, cattle 总是作复数，( people 作民族，种族时有单复数两种形式)
10. 集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew, committee 等单复数都有，但意义不同。
The class is big.---- The class are taking notes in English. (前者看作整体，后者强调每一个人。)
The population in China is larger.---- 80% of the population in China are peasants. （同上）
11. hair， fruit 通常作单数，表示总体。 His hair is grey.     a rich harvest of fruit
如果表示若干根头发，表示种类的水果时，可以加复数词尾。
He had a few white hairs. 他有几根白发。
12. 以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics, 等。（另外:news）
13. glasses， trousers， scissors， shoes， spectacles，等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair of …/ this pair of…/ that pair of…等修饰时谓语动词由pair 来决定。
14. 不可数名词没有复数形式，如果表示“一个”的概念，可用单位词。
a piece of news/ information/ advice/ bread/ paper/ meat/ coal / equipment/ furniture /clothing…
a bottle of ink,   a grain of rice , a cake of soap…
常用的不可数名词：advice,progress, practice,weather,homework,knowledge,fun,luggage,equipment,clothing,water,milk,food,rice
15. 名词作定语：
1）表示用途：a coffee cup 咖啡杯；a tobacco company 烟草公司；a vegetable garden
2) 表示材料：a stone bridge 石桥；paper money 纸币；a diamond necklace 钻石项链
3）表示时间或地点：winter holiday 寒假；morning paper 晨报；city people 市民
4) 表示类别：water pollution 水污染；body temperature 体温；weight problem 体温
5）表示身份：a woman doctor; a boy student
注意：名词作定语常用单数： shoe shop; college students; basketball match.
但man / woman 随后边名词变化： a woman doctor; two women doctors; a man doctor; two men doctors.
三. 名词的所有格:
1) 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词，表示所属关系。
   Lei Feng’s dairy.  the Working People’s Palace of Culture. 劳动人民文化宫
2) 也可用于表示时间的名词。 today’s paper.  an hour’s drive.  Friday’s work.
3) 也可用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词。 the country’s plan.  the farm’s fruit.  China’s population.
4) 也可用于表示由人组成的集体名词。 our party’s stand 我党的立场
5) 也可用于表示度量、价值的名词。two dollars’ worth of books.    a pound’s weight. (现代英语中，这种用法越来越多。)
3. 凡不能用’s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系。 the City of New York.    a map of China. 
特别是下列情况要用of 属格：
⑴当名词有较长的定语时， the name of the girl standing at the gate.
Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday？
⑵所修饰的名词前有数量词时， a play of Comrade Li’s.     some friends of my brother’s .
⑶所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词时，that performance of the teachers’ .
4.双重所有格：
当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时，用双重所有格，双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的。
a poem of Lu Xun’s .    a friend of his/hers .  Which novel of Dicken’s are you reading ?
some friends of my brothers’ .
5.几种特殊情况： the key to the door.           keys to the exercises. 练习的答案 notes to the text 课文注释    
answers to the question tickets for the film//movie a check for $1500. 1500美元的支票 
anyone else’s book.    the monument to the people’s heroes. 人民英雄纪念碑
the entrance to the station//cinema （在现代英语中of属格大都可用 ’s 所有格代替。）
四．名词单复数的一些习惯用法
1）单复数同形的词: Chinese li里 people Swiss瑞士人 deer means手段 series 系列
Vietnamese越南人 fish mu亩 sheep yuan元 Japanese
2）常用复数形式的词
arms武器 earnings挣的钱 pants裤子socks 袜子 ashes灰烬 findings调查结果 pyjamas 睡衣裤 stairs 楼梯 belongs所有物 firewoods烟火 remains 残余 surroundings环境 clothes衣服 forces武装部队 savings储蓄 trousers裤子sweepings 扫拢的垃圾compass指南针 glasses眼镜 scissors剪刀 thanks感激 congratulations 祝贺 jeans牛仔裤 shoes鞋子 tropics热带 doings行为 mountains山脉 shorts短裤
3)形式为复数，意思为单数
News消息 crossroads十字路口 physics物理 politics政治 mathematics 数学 headquarters 司令部
4）表示总体意义，总用作复数
police警察 people 人们，人民 clothes衣服 cattle牛群 public公众

五．主谓一致
主语是复数，谓语用复数，主语是单数，谓语用单数。
He is a student. We are students.
and 连接两个名词，看有无the. The professor and writer is going to give us a lecture of writing.
The professor and the writer are going to our school.
A number of…和The number of…后的谓语。
The number of people was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.
主语+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including /like…+主语，谓语动词的单复数与第一个主语一致。
A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.
All the teachers as well as the students (be) invited to the party.
5．以 either …or , neither …nor , not only … but also ，not…but…等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数应按照就近原则。 Either you or he ______(be) to go . Not only he but also I ______(be) wrong .
Neither the children nor the teacher _______ (know) anything about it.
6. There be 句型就近原则。 There ____ a pair of glasses on the desk. There ____ two patients and a nurse in the hospital.
7. 有些名词复数形式作为一个整体，(如度量，距离，金额，时间，书名等）其谓语动词用单数。
Two weeks ___(be ) not enough to finish the work . 1000 dollars ___ (be ) a large amount of money.
8.某些集体名词，如family ,team 等做主语时，若当一个整体看，谓语动词就用单数，若就其中一个一个成员来看，谓语动词就用复数，class , club, audience ,committee , crowd , government , party, public , team 等。其中population 的用法也类似 His family _____(be) a happy family. The whole family _____(be) having lunch.
The population of China ____(be)very large. All the world ________(be) waiting for the good news.
9. 成双成对构成的东西，如glasses, shoes, chopsticks, scissors等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式，但与a pair一起构成作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
10．each , every+名词，谓语用单数。 Each boy and girl ________(want) to serve the people in the future.
11. …几分之几/…百分之几+of +名词单数/ 复数+ 谓语单数/ 复数
Three-fifths of money _____ (have) been used up. Two thirds of the students ______ (be) girl students.
12. …one of +复数名词 +谓语复数 …the only/the very one of + 复数名词 +谓语单数
He is one of the boys that have passed the maths test.
She is the only one of the girls who has finished reading in time.
提高练习
1. The whole class ___ greatly moved at his words. A. is B. had C. were D. was
2. The glasses ______ mine. That pair of glasses _____ my brother’s. A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is
3. Many a student ______ something about Abraham Lincoln. A. have known B. knows C. is known D. are known
4. Half of the visitors _____ from Europe. Half of the fruit _____ bad. A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are
5. Each of the footballers ___ over 150 pounds. A. weigh B. weighs C. weights D. were weighing
6. The singer and pianist _____ asked to make a speech at the meeting yesterday. A. is B. was C. are D. were
7. Stories of the Long March _______ popular with the young people now. A. is B. was C. are D. were
8. There __ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep __ up.
A. were; it B. are; them C. was; it D. is; them
9. Mayor as well as volunteer workers _______ the newly-built stadium.
A. is cleaning B. are cleaning C. were cleaning D. have cleaned
10. Not only my brother but also I _____ good at painting. Both of us _____good painters.
A. are...are B. am...are C. is...is D. are...is
11. Either you or the president _______ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out
12. More than 60 percent of world's radio programs _______ in English. A. is B. was C. are D. be
13. The wounded ___ good care of here now. A. is taking B. are taking C. are being taken D. is taken
14.One sixth of our classmates ____ from peasant families. One fifth of her time ____ devoted to writing.
A.  comes; is B. come; are C.  come; is D.  comes; are
15. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 _____ in Beijing of China, which _____ known to us all.
A. is to hold; is B. is to be held; was C. are to hold; is D. are to be held; is
16. A woman with two children ____ coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents, ___ moved to Paris.
A. is; has B. is; have C. are; have D. are; has
17. Nothing but several glasses ________ bought by my father the day before yesterday.
A. was B. were C. have been D. would be
18. Many people say 10,000 _______ a lot of money. A. dollar is B. dollars are C. dollars is D. dollar are
19. The number of the people who ___ cars ___ increasing. A. own….are B. own…is C. owns…is D. owns…are
20. He is one of the boys who _____ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _____ never late for school.
A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is
改错:
1. What a lot of works I have to finish today!
2. What a beautiful weather we are having recently!
3. Most of them are woman doctors.
4. He wrote a three-hundred-words report.
5. There are four baskets of apple in that room.
6. This computer cost me eight thousands yuan.
7.He has got many good news from here.
9.He made many mistakes in his composition because of careless.
10.Will you please make a room for the lady outside?
11.The number of the students in our school are increasing.
12.She has made some progresses in English.
13.His work is better than anyone else.
14.We've missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have no way but to take a taxi.
15.He dropped the coffee's cup and broke it.
16. He gained his wealths by printing works of famous writers.
17..You'll find this map of great valuable in helping you to get round London.
18.He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests.
19.If you have interests in it, reply to me soon.
20. Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class.
21.In summer, the sea under the blue skies is even more beautiful
22.We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters.
23.She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success.
24.He is sitting between you and I
25.Early to bed and early to rise are a good habit.
26..Those who wants to come raise your hands please.

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