中考英语词汇知识精讲.doc

中考英语词汇知识精讲
重点、难点、考点
一、重点是：
(1)常见的构词法
1)合成词：合成词是由两个或两个以上的词构成一个新的词。如：blackboard(黑板)，newspaper(报纸)，afternoon(下午) ,pencil-box(铅笔盒)。
2)派生词：派生词是由词根加派生词缀构成的词，词根是派生词的基础，同一词根加不同的派生词缀可以表示不同的意义，还可以表示不同的词的词性。
动词变名词：＋后缀er drive(驾驶)——driver(驾驶员)
teach(教)——teacher(教师)
read(阅读)——reader(读者)
＋后缀or invent(发明)——inventor(发明家)
visit(访问)——visitor(访问者)
＋后缀tion invent(发明)——invention(发明)
operate(手术)——operation(手术)
名词变形容词：＋后缀y wind(风)——windy(刮风的)
sun(太阳)——sunny(晴朗的)
＋后缀ful help(帮助)——helpful(有帮助的)
care(小心)——careful(小心的)
＋后缀ly friend(朋友)——friendly(友好的)
形容词变名词：+后缀ness good(好的)——goodness(善良，美德)
kind(和善的)——kindness(和善)
形容词变副词：＋后缀ly bad(坏的)——badly(糟糕地)
quick(快的)——quickly(迅速地)
改变词义：＋前缀un happy(高兴的)——unhappy(不高兴的)
usual(平常的)——unusual(不平常的)
３)转化词：转化词是指由一种词类转用作另一种词类的词。例如：
hand(n .)手， hand(v .)传递， dry(adj .)干燥的， dry(v .) 烘干
［说明］初中总复习中，词汇的复习十分重要。掌握单词和词组的用法是学好语言的前提之一。没有一定的词汇量，不掌握词语的基本用法，就失去了英语知识复习的基础，也就更谈不上灵活运用和综合分析能力了。
(2)词形变化
英语词汇的词形变化除了前面讲的词根＋派生词缀构成的派生词的变化外，还存在有一些单词词尾的屈折变化，它们是：
1)表示名词复数的词形变化。例如：
hand—hands(手) picture—pictures(图片)
knife—knives(小刀) city—cities(城市)
2)表示形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的词形变化。例如：
cheap—cheaper—cheapest(便宜的)
late—later—latest(迟来的，迟来地)
early—earlier—earliest(早的、早地)
3)表示动词一般现在时第三人称单数的词形变化。例如：
clean—cleans(打扫) catch—catches(按住) carry—carries(携带)
4)表示动词过去时和-ed分词的词形变化。例如：
catch—catched(捉住) carry—carried(搬运)
close—closea(关闭) stop—stopped(阻止)
5)表示动词-ing分词的词形变化。例如：
walk—walking(走) make—making(做) sit—sitting(坐)
二、难点是：如何运用词或词组。
三、考点是：(1)单词拼写。(2)词形变化。(3)对词语的理解运用和相似词语的辨析。有关词汇的考题在中考中有10分左右。

【经典范例引路】
例1按要求写出下列单词的适当形式。
1 .Well(最高级)_______________ 2.begin(现在分词)____________
3 .busy(反义词)_______________ 4.he(反身代词)_______________
(2001年甘肃省中考题)
简析：此题是对词形变化和单词的正确拼写的考查。要正确解答，应熟练掌握规律性的变化形式，并牢固记忆一些特殊的词形变化。第1小题是考查副词的最高级。形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成分为规则变化和不规则变化。well的最高级属于不规则变化，为best。第２小题是考查现在分词的构成。现在分词的构成为：(1)直接在动词原形后加-ing。(2)以不发音的e结尾的动词，先去e ,再加-ing。(3)以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写这一辅音字母，再加-ing。此题符合第三条。故答案为beginning。第3小题是考查词义及单词拼写。busy意为“繁忙的，忙的”它的反义词应为“空闲的，闲的”free。故答案为free。第４小题是考查人称代词对应的反身代词。答案为himself。
例2选择与句中划线部分意思相同或相近的词或短语。
( )1 .Mary called him three times yesterday , but nobody answered .
A .visited B .gave a message to C .told D .phoned
( )2 .Jim comes to visit us sometimes . That is always the happiest time for the whole family .
A .on time B .all the time C .at times D .many times
( )3 .Jimmy tried hard , and in the end he did it well .
A .at first B .at the beginning C .at the end D .at last
( )4 .—Oh , sorry . John . I forgot to post your letter .
—That’s all right . I’ll post it myself.
A .Never think about it B .It doesn’t matter
C .Don’t be sorry D .I don’t care
( )5 .—Hello !May I speak to the headmaster ?
—Hold on , please .
A .Speak louder B .Wait a moment
C .Call again D .Speak out
(2001年河北省中考题)
简析：选出能替换划线部分的选项，这是一种常见题型。做此类题时应注意以下几点：(1)弄懂句意，特别是划线部分意思，以及各选项的意思。(2)能替换划线部分的选项与划线部分意思要相同。(3)选项与划线部分在句法功能上保持一致。第１小题划线部分called后接him(sb)，首先要知道它在句中的意思，为“给……打电话”。Ａ选项意为“访问”，Ｂ选项意为“给……捎口信”，Ｃ选项意为“告诉”，只有选项Ｄ .phoned意人“给……打电话”，与划线部分意思相同。且phoned与called的句法功能也相同。故答案为Ｄ。第２小题划线部分sometimes意为“有时，某时”。A选项意为“准时，按时”，B选项意为“一直总是”，C选项意为“有时，某时”，D选项意为“许多次”。故答案为C。第3小题划线部分in the end意为“最后，终于”。A选项意为“起初，开始”，B选项意为“在开始时”，C选项意为“在末尾”，D选项为“最后，终于”。故答案为D。第4小题划线部分That’s all right在此处意为“不要紧，没关系”，用来回答别人道歉的用语。A、B、C、D四个选项中只有It doesn’t matter与That’s all right意义相同。故答案为B。第5小题划线部分Hold on在此处意为“等一会儿”，是打电话时的交际用语。只有wait a moment与Hold on 意义相同，故答案为B。
例3 单项选择。
( )1 .Students are usually interested in sports . Some like running ;some like swimming ;_______like ball games . (2001年上海市中考题)
A .the others B .others C .the other D .other
( )2 .—Can you speak Chinese ,Peter ? (2001年北京市海淀区中考题)
—Yes , but only_______ .
A .little B .few C .a little D .a few
( )3 .Don’t worry ,I’ll take good care Polly .(2001年天津市中考题)
A .for B .of C. with D .to
简析：此题是考查词语意义和用法上的区别，以及词语的固定搭配。在做此类题时，我们应注意：(1)先读懂题意，找出考查点。(2)观察分析空格与它的前后部分的联系及空格在句中的句法功能。(3)根据题意及分析结果，对比所有选项，选择最恰当的选项。(4)对于难度较大、很难直接从正面找到答案，就可采用排除法——根据题意和所学知识排除错误答案。剩下的便是正确答案。第1小题是考查the others ,others ,the other ,other这四者在意义和用法上的区别：the others特指某一范围内的“其余的人(物)”而others泛指“其余的人(物)”它常和some对比使用，即“some . . .others . . .”，the other特指“(两个中的)另一个”，other泛指“另一个”。故答案为B。第2小题是考查little ,few ,a little ,a few的用法：某一语言不可数，因此B、D两选项不成立。而little是表示否定意义，a little表示肯定意义。根据题干的意思应为肯定，故答案为C。第3小题是考查take care of这一固定词组。故答案为B。

【综合能力训练】
Ⅰ .从下列A、B、C、D四个选项中找出恰当的字母或字母组合使单词完整正确。
( )1 .q ter A .ar B .or C .wor D .uar
( )2 .know ge A .led B .lid C .lad D .le
( )3 .Sat day A .er B .ir C .ur D .or
( )4 .po ble A .si B .ssi C .se D .sse
( )5 .lang ge A .wi B .wa C .ue D .ua
( )6 .gr nd A .ou B .au C .oa D .ua
( )7 .d ghter A .on B .au C .or D .ua
( )8 .b t ful A .u ;e B .eu ;i C .eau ;e D .eau ;i
( )9 .p c A .e ;cher B .i ;ture C .i ;cher D .e ;ture
( )10 .d ction ry A .e ;e B .i ;e C .e ;a D .i ;a

Ⅱ .下列每组单词中，有一个单词有拼写错误，请指出。
( )1 .A .caught B .braught C .taught D .bought
( )2 .A .has B .having C .had D .haved
( )3 .A .reech B .sweater C .street D .teacher
( )4 .A .Japanese B .machine C .polece D .writer
( )5 .A .care B .wear C .their D .pare
( )6 .A .afraid B .radio C .almist D .Canadian
( )7 .A .foreign B .friend C .quietly D .piece
( )8 .A .ladder B .bottler C .danger D .farther
( )9 .A .dirty B .piano C .Wenesday D .twelfth
( )10 .A .suddenly B .subject C .sunshine D .student

Ⅲ .根据所给英语释义写出单词(首字母已给出)。
1 .become a member of j
2 .have (clothes) on the body w
3 .almost not h
4 .not any ,no one n
5 .at last f
6 .the fourth day of a week W
7 .the opposite of cheap e
8 .father or mother p
9 .ice box f
10 .go in a car or on a horse or a bike r

Ⅳ .根据句意和音标写单词。
1 .His sister is a [li :g] member.
2 .Our teacher often [pleiz] games with us.
3 .Bell [in′ventid] the telephone.
4 .Do you [bi′li :v] what he said ?
5 .What’s the [′we] like today ?
6 .They started climbing the [′mauntin].
7 . [u] he was ill ,he went to school.
8 .It took 300 workers a year to [bild] the railway bridge.
9 .By the end of last month the writer had [′ritn] 250 pages.
10 .I will go shopping if I have [′nθi] to do this Sunday.

Ⅴ .用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1 .“Thank you ,”he said (polite).
2 .Children must be stopped from (skate) on thin ice .
3 .She spends one hour (watch) TV every day .
4 .Keep (quietly) !They are listening to the teacher .
5 .Would you please say it again more (loud) ?
6 .Keep on (work) hard ,or you’ll fall behind other students .
7 .I’ve been on the Great Wall (two) .
8 .Thank you for (lend) me the story book .
9 .I often write “Best (wish) for Teachers’ Day !”on the cards .
10 .Meimei did (badly) than Lucy in the high jump .
11 .After ten minutes’ rest ,they went on (walk) .
12 .I saw a wallet (lie) on the ground on my way home .
13 .There is a fire (burn) in the fireplace .
14 . (pick) apples is better than (have) classes .
15 .They went to the park instead of (stay) at home last Saturday .
16 .“See you” is another way of (say) “Goodbye” .
17 .They enjoy (take) a walk after supper .
18 .I don’t feel like (eat) anything now .
19 .The teachers are busy (get) ready for tomorrow’s work.
20 .Don’t forget to take the (shop) list with you.

【创新备考训练】(选自2001年各地中考题)
Ⅵ .根据句意，选择与句中划线部分意思相同或相近的解释。
1 .We are very glad to hear the good news .
A .sorry B .sad C .pleased
2 .I will go to see my grandma this evening .
A .visit B .move C .watch
3 .They have a lot of apples and bananas in the basket .
A .some B .many C .much
4 .Alice will go shopping with her aunt tomorrow .
A .buy something B .borrow books C .wash clothes
5 .The little boy is good at drawing .
A .is poor at B .is slow at C .does well in
6 .What are the boys doing ?They are at work .
A .are workers B .work here C .are working
7 .We were busy last week ,so we had a little rest .
A .a small B .a short C .a few
8 .Mrs Green usually goes for a walk after supper .
A .has a walk B .walks around C .wants a walk
9 .Jim arrived at the farm early.
A .got on B .got up C .got to
10 .My grandma bought a big birthday present for both of us.
A .both us B .we both C .us both
11 .—Hello ,may I speak to Mr. White ,please ?
—Hold on for a moment ,please .
A .Wait B .Sit C .Stop
12 .It’s really difficult to learn maths well .
A .wrong B .easy C .hard
13 .Bob is very strong .He is able to carry the box.
A .must B .can C .need
14 .Han Meimei has a few American friends .
A .many B .some C .no
15 .We are happy to see you again .
A .worried B .sad C .pleased

Ⅶ .根据句意及汉语提示，在下列各句空缺处写出各单词的正确形式。
1 .Can you answer my (三) question in English ?
2 .Mary did (差) in the exam than Lucy .
3 .Look !They are talking (高兴) in the room .
4 .I (驾驶) my car to Beijing last summer .
5 .My house is not far from my (叔叔) .
6 .The sun is (照耀) brightly in the sky .
7 .They will bring some (土豆) for a picnic tomorrow .
8 .He gets on very well with his (父母) .
9 .I like (浅) colours ,for example ,white .
10 .Mr Wang (搬迁) here last week .He is a new comer .
11 .I usually go to work on (步行) .
12 .There are ten (班级) in our grade .
13 .Lucy studies (努力地) than Lily
14 .Mr Smith will give us a talk at the (会议) .
15 .—Excuse me ,may I (借) your eraser ?
—Certainly .here you are .
16 .It is an (容易的) question .I can answer it .
17 .He won’t do it .I won’t do it , (也) .
18 .Is there a (书桌) in your room ?
19 .Your hands are so (脏的) again .Go and wash them .
20 .They have planted more than two (千) young trees this spring .

Ⅷ .根据句子的意思和首字母提示，用适当的词填空，使句子的意思连贯与正确。
1 .Whose is this T-shirt ?It isn’t m .It’s hers .
2 .This bag is big .Please give me a s one .
3 .My father works in a hospital .He is a d .
4 .April is the f month of the year .
5 .When the lights are g ,the traffic can go .
6 .Fifteen minutes is a q .
7 .September 10th is T Day .
8 .C is spoken by the largest number of people in the world .
9 .When s comes ,everything begins to grow .It’s my favourite season of the year .
10 .—Pardon ,doctor ?
—I said ,“Take the m three times a day ,and you’ll be well soon .”
11 .Mr Turner liked visiting some places of great interest ,but he didn’t want to s too much money .
12 .—Have you watched the seven o’clock CCTV news report ?
—Yes .There is a lot of i news in it .
13 .You look w .What’s wrong with you ?
14 .—Do you mind cleaning your room ?It’s very d .
—Certainly not .I’ll do it as soon as possible .

[参考答案]
综合能力训练
Ⅰ .1—5 DACBD 6—10 ABDBD Ⅱ .1—5 BDACD 6—10 CABCC Ⅲ .1 .join 2 .wear 3 .hardly 4 .none 5 .finally 6 .Wednesday 7 .expensive 8 .parent 9 .fridge 10 .ride Ⅳ . 1 .League 2 .plays 3 .invented 4 .believe 5 .weather 6 .mountain 7 .Though 8 .build 9 .written 10 .nothing Ⅴ .1 .politely 2 .skating 3 .watching 4 .quiet 5 .loudly 6 .working 7 .twice 8 .lending 9 .wishes 10 .worse 11 .walking 12 .lying 13 .burning 14 .Picking ;having 15 .staying 16 .saying 17 .taking 18 .eating 19 .getting 20 .shopping
创新备考训练
Ⅵ . 1 .C 2 .A 3 .B 4 .A 5 .C 6 .C 7 .B 8 .A 9 .C 10 .C 11 .A 12 .C 13 .B 14 .B 15 .C Ⅶ . 1 .third 2 .worse 3 .happily 4 .drove 5 .uncle’s 6 .shining 7 .potatoes 8 .parents 9 .light 10 .moved 11 .foot 12 .classes 13 .harder 14 .meeting 15 .borrow 16 .easy 17 .either 18 .desk 19 .dirty 20 .thousand Ⅷ .1 .mine 2 .small 3 .doctor 4 .fourth 5 .green 6 .quarter 7 .Teacher’s 8 .Chinese 9 .spring 10 .medicine 11 .spend 12 .important/interesting 13 .worried/weak 14 .dirty