（九）动词的时态和语态.docx

（九）动词的时态和语态
01 命题趋势 考标导向化
近几年对动词的时态考查主要集中在对一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时和现在完成时六种主要的时态上；对动词被动语态的考查主要以一般现在时、一般过去时的被动语态和含有情态动词的被动语态为主。
02 定义 概念清晰化
动词的时态指的是谓语动词用来表示动作或情况发生时的各种动词形式。英语中一共有16种时态，但在初中阶段常考的时态有以下9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时、过去将来时。考查重点集中在一般现在时在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的用法、终止性动词在现在完成时中不能与for，since短语或从句连用、have been to与have gone to的用法以及在具体语境中动词的用法等。
动词的语态是表示句子主语与谓语动词之间关系的一种动词形式。英语中的动词语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示的主语是动作的执行者或发出者，被动语态表示的主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是中考中的必考内容之一，其中考查的重点是一般现在时、一般过去时和含有情态动词的被动语态。
03 知识归类 知识网络化
❶动词的时态
分类图解

分类
谓语形式
用法
一般现
在时
1.动词原形
2.主语是单数第三人称，谓语加-s,-es
1.表示经常性或习惯性发生的动作或状态。
2.描述客观真理、客观存在或科学事实等。
3.在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。
一般过
去时
动词的过去式
1.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
2.表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
3.用于虚拟语气中，表示与现在事实相反的情况。
一般将
来时
1.will/shall+动词原形
2.be going to+动词原形
1.be going to和will表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。主语一般是人。
2.be going to表示根据主观判断将来肯定要发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。主语可以是人也可以是物。
3.在含有时间、条件状语从句的复合句中，主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时来代替将来时。
4.一些表示位移的动词，如go, come, leave, arrive, fly, start, move等，常用现在进行时表将来。
现在进
行时
am/is/are+动词的现在分词
1.表示说话时或目前正在进行的动作。
2.与always, usually等词连用，表示赞扬、厌恶或不满的情绪。
过去进
行时
was/were+动词的现在分词
表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
现在完
成时
have/has+动词的过去分词
1.表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。
2.表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常与“for+时间段”或“since＋表示过去的时间点或时间段”连用。
注意：1.现在完成时和一般过去时都可表示过去发生的动作，但现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果或表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，强调的是现在的情况；而一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去，不和现在发生关系。
2.终止性动词在现在完成时中不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，但在否定句中可以和一段时间连用。
过去完成时
had+动词的过去分词
1.表示在过去某一时间或某一动作以前发生或完成的动作，它所表示的动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。
2.表示从过去某一时间开始并持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。
过去将来时
1.would+动词原形
2.was/were going to+动词原形，常用于宾语从句中

表示在过去看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。

特例清单
1.在时间、条件和让步状语从句中，如果主句谓语动词是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。如：
We’ll have a picnic if it is fine next Sunday.如果下个星期日天气晴朗，我们将去野餐。
I’ll call you as soon as I get to Beijing tomorrow.我明天一到北京就给你打电话。
2.某些表示起始、往返、出发、到达之意的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排将要发生的动作(此时一般都有一个表示未来时间的状语)。这类动词有：begin, come, go, leave, start, arrive, end, stop, open, close等。如：
The meeting begins at 2:00 p.m. tomorrow.这个会议明天下午2点开始。
The next train leaves at 7 o’clock this evening.下一列火车将在今晚7点离开。
3.现在进行时与always, continually, forever等副词连用，表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，这种用法往往表达说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。如：
The rich woman is always laughing at the poor.这个有钱的夫人总是嘲笑穷人。
4.现在完成时中表示短暂动作的动词不能与for, since等引导的时间状语连用。如与一段时间连用，要把瞬间动词转化为意思相近的延续性动词。常见的变化有：
非延续性动词
延续性动词
buy
have
borrow
keep
open
be open
close
Be closed
begin/start
be on
come
be here
go
be there
finish
be over
die
be dead
catch a cold
have a cold
put on
wear
get up
be up
wake up
awake
fall asleep
be asleep
lose
not have
join
be in
leave
be away
arrive/reach
be
如：
误:I’ve left this school for ten years.
正:I’ve been away from this school for ten years.
【题组训练】
一般现在时与一般过去时
( )1.(2014·徐州)What a surprise to see you here! When ____ you _____back?
A.do;get B.did;get
C.have;got D.will;get
( )2.(2014·十堰)—Have you finished using my dictionary?
—Yes，I put it back on your desk just now.Who _____ it away?
A.will take B.is taking
C.took D.has taken
( )3.(2014·北京)—What do you often do at weekends?
—I often ________ my grandparents.
A.visit B.visited
C.have visited D.will visit
( )4.(2014·河南)—Are you going anywhere?
—I _______ about visiting my sister，but I have changed my mind.
A.think B .have thought
C.will think D.thought
( )5.(2014·云南)If there _______ no buying and selling of animals，there will be no killing in nature.
A.is B.will be C.has D.will have
现在进行时与过去进行时
( )6.(2014·十堰)—The book store _____ a big sale. The books there must be very cheap now.
—Sounds great. Let’s go into it and have a look.
A.will have B.had
C.is having D.was having
( )7.(2014·北京)—What were you doing when we were playing basketball yesterday afternoon?
—I _______ the classroom.
A.was cleaning B.have cleaned
C.will clean D.clean
( )8.(2014·河北)Someone _____ at the door.Can you open it?
A.knocks B.knocked
C.is knocking D.was knocking
( )9.(2014·孝感)—I was at the cinema at 8 o’clock last night.What about you?
—I ________ the Internet at home.
A.am surfing B.surfed
C.will surf D.was surfing
( )10.(2014·来宾)—Would you mind turning down your music player?Everybody ________now!
——I’m sorry.I’ll do it right now.
A.sleep B.slept
C.is sleeping D.are sleeping
一般将来时与过去将来时
( )11.(2014·河北)I’m busy now. I ______ to you after school this afternoon.
A.talk B.talked
C.will talk D.have talked
( )12.(2014·天津)Robots ______more heavy work for us in the future.
A.will do B.did
C.have done D.were doing
( )13.(2014·铜仁)There ________ a sports meet in our school next week.
A.is B.will have
C.are D.will be
( )14.(2014·河南)—Does this bus go to the beach?
—No.You ________ the wrong way.You want the Number 11.
A.go B.were going
C.are going D.would go
( )15.(2014·丽水)Hurry up! The sky is covered with black clouds. I’m afraid it_______ .
A.rains B.is going to rain
C.rained D.was raining
现在完成时与过去完成时
( )16.(2014·宁波)—Are you surprised at the ending of the movie?
—No，because I ________ the story.
A.read B.will read
C.have read D.was reading
( )17.(2014·滨州)—Jim isn’t in the classroom.Where is he now?
—He _________ the library.
A.will go to B.has been to
C.has gone to D.goes to
( )18.(2014·泰安)—Can you find our city _____ a lot in recent years?
—Yes.The road is wider and the buildings are taller.
A.has changed B.changes
C.changed D.will change
( )19.(2014·南京)—Lily，why are you still here?School is over for half an hour.
—Because I ________ my task yet.I still need one more hour.
A.Won’t finish B.didn’t finish
C.haven’t finished D.hadn’t finished
( )20.(2014·随州)—I wonder when you ______ the new watch.
—Well，I _________ it for two weeks.
A.have bought;have had
B.bought;have bought
C.bought;have had
D.have bought;have bought
❷被动语态的构成
分类图解

时态
被动语态
例句
一般现在时
am/is/are+动词的过去分词
The flowers are often watered by her.
一般过去时
was/were+动词的过去分词
A farm was visited yesterday by us
一般将来时
will/shall + be+动词的过去分词
Some trees will be planted this week by her.
现在进行时
am/is/are+being+动词的过去分词
A novel is being read by him.
现在完成时
have/has been+动词的过去分词
His rooms have been cleaned by him.
过去进行时
was/were being+动词的过去分词
His rooms were being cleaned by him then.
过去完成时
had been+动词的过去分词
His rooms had been cleaned by him then.
过去将来时
would/should be+动词的过去分词
His rooms would be cleaned by him the next day.
含情态动词
情态动词+be+动词的过去分词
Your homework must be finished in time.

特例清单
1.open,lock,write,read,sell,clean,wash,cut,drive等词作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表示被动意义。如：
This kind of pen writes very smoothly.这种钢笔写起来很流畅。
The kind of shirts sells well here.这种样式的衬衫在这里卖得很好。
2.look,sound,taste,smell等系动词用主动形式表示被动意义。如：
School uniforms look good on us.我们穿着校服很好看。
The cake smells delicious.蛋糕闻起来很香。
【题组训练】
( )21.(2014·北京)A new hospital _____ in my town next year.
A.builds B.built
C.is built D.will be built
( )22.(2014·河南)When Tim ________ why he was late for school，he just kept silent.
A.was asked B.asked
C.was asking D.is asked
( )23.(2014·梅州)I can’t understand what the book is about because it ________ in English.
A.writes B.will write
C.will be written D.is written
( )24.(2014·镇江)—Don’t forget to come to our school assembly(集会)tomorrow morning.
—I won’t. I _______ just now.
A.reminded B.was reminded
C.reported D.was reported
( )25.(2014·益阳)—Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet.The rooms________ .
A.are painting B.have been painted
C.are being painted
❸几种特殊的被动语态的用法
分类图解

种类
构成
例句
主动语态中省去to的动词
变为被动语态时，省去的to要加上。
The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.
含双宾语的动词
把指人的宾语变为主语时，指物的宾语仍保留在谓语之后；指物的宾语变为主语时，指人的宾语前要加相应的介词。
I was given a present.
A present was given to me.
含短语的动词
短语是“动词+介词”或“动词+副词”时，变被动语态时，介词、副词不能丢。
The young man was sent away from school.
【题组训练】
( )26.(2014·内江)The students in this school are made ____ school uniforms on Monday.
A.to wear B.wearing C.wear D.worn
( )27.(2014·随州)—Mary was heard _______ just now.What happened?
—Joe was telling her some jokes.
A.cry B.laugh
C.to laugh D .to cry
( )28.(2013·呼和浩特)If you see the cartoon film，you will ______ laugh.
A.be made B.be made to
C.make to D.make
( )29.(2013·连云港)—Clark，your room is really in a mess. It needs ______.
—Sorry，mum. I’ll do it at once.
A.clean B.cleaned
C.to clean D.to be cleaned
( )30.(2012·阜康)The old over 90 _______ not only by their family but also by the government in many places.
A.is looked at B.are taken good care of
C.are taken good care D.is looking after
04 整合集训 反馈层级化
动词的时态
( )1.—Do you like the skirt?
—Yes.It ________ soft.
A.is feeling B.felt
C.feels D.is felt
( )2.—What does your sister like doing in her free time?
—She ________ watching TV.
A.likes B.liked
C.has liked D.had liked
( )3.Do you know if_____ back next week? If he ______ back,please let me know.
A.he comes;will come
B.will he come;comes
C.he will come;comes
D.will he come;will come
( )4.—May I see Mr.Lin,please?
—Well,I’m afraid he’s not in at the moment.I think he _____ back soon.
A.came B.has come
C.will be D.was
( )5.Look at those big black clouds.It ______ rain.Let’s hurry.
A.must B.will
C.would D.is going to
( )6.Don’t talk loudly here.My little baby________ .
A.has gone out B.is sleeping
C.sleeps D.went to school
( )7.—Have you read a book called Jane Eyre?
—Who _____ it?
A.writes B.has written
C.was writing D.wrote
( )8.—Your e-mail address again? I _____ quite catch it.
—Hul 23 @ .
A.don’t B.can’t
C.didn’t D.won’t
( )9.—Oh,Mrs King,your necklace looks nice.Is it new?
—No,I _______it for two years.
A.had B.have had
C.bought D.have bought
( )10.—_______ to the United States?
—No,never. But I went to Canada a few years ago.
A.Have you been B.Have you gone
C.Did you go D.Will you go
( )11.—Are Li Yan and Wang Mei still living in Ningbo?
—No,they _______ to Shanghai.
A.had moved B.moved
C.will move D.have moved
( )12.—Do you know the man over there?
—Yes.I ______ him several times since last month.
A.see B.saw
C.have seen D.had seen
( )13.—What do you think of my answer to the question?
—Sorry.What’s that?I ______about something else.
A.thought B.am thinking
C.had thought D.was thinking
( )14.—Amy,I called you yesterday evening, but nobody answered the phone.
—Oh,I _______ a walk with my mother at that time.
A.take B.took
C.am taking D.was taking
( )15.—Did you see Henry at the party?
—No,he _______ by the time I got there.
A.left B.was leaving
C.had left D.has left
( )16.—What is the weather like today?
—It is cloudy. And I think it _______.
A.was raining B.is going to rain
C.is raining D.rained
( )17.—My sister will go to Hainan tomorrow.I’ll see her off at the airport.
—Oh,when______ her plane ________?
A.did;take off B.does;take off
C.has;taken off D.was;taking off
( )18.It ______ over sixty years since the People’s Republic of China was founded.
A.was B.had been
C.is D.will be
( )19.Don’t make any noise.We _____ to a piece of wonderful music at the moment.
A.will listen B.are listening
C.listen D.have listening
( )20.—I saw her smoking in the restaurant yesterday afternoon.
—But she seldom_______.
A.smokes B.had smoked
C.smoked D.is smoking
( )21.I used to love this film when I was young,but I ______ it that way any more.
A.don’t feel B.didn’t feel
C.haven’t felt D.hadn’t felt
( )22.—Was Kate happy to see her old friends yesterday?
—Yes,she was.She ____ them for a long time.
A.didn’t see B.wouldn’t see
C.hasn’t seen D.hadn’t seen
( )23.—Has your mother finished her report?
—Sorry,I don’t know.She ______ it this morning.
A.is writing B.wrote
C.writes D.has written
( )24.—Why are you in such a hurry,Mike?
—There _________ an NBA game in ten minutes.
A.will have B.will be
C.is going to have D.are going to be
( )25.—Jenny wants to know if you ____ a hiking trip tomorrow.
—Of course we will.But if it_____ ,we’ll visit the Space Museum instead.
A.will go on;will rain B.go on;rains
C.will go on;rains D.go on;will rain
( )26.—What’s that terrible noise?
—The neighbors ______ for a party.
A.have prepared B.are preparing
C.prepare D.will prepare
( )27.—When did the meeting begin?
—At four o’clock.It ______ for 15 minutes.
A.was on B.began
C.has begun D.has been on
( )28.—Li Kai,hand in your homework,please.
—Oh,sorry.I _______ it at home this morning.
A.was leaving B.have left
C.had left D.left
( )29.—How was your day off?
—Pretty good! I _____ the science museum with my classmates.
A.visit B.visited
C.am visiting D.will visit
( )30.—Where ____ you _____ lunch?
—At home.There was no school lunch.
A.did；have B.are；having
C.will；have D.do；have
动词的语态
( )31.Boiled water _______ for free here in the daytime.
A.offer B.offered
C.is offering D.is offered
( )32.—What a nice room!
—Yes.It _______ every day.
A.cleans B.cleaned
C.has cleaned D.is cleaned
( )33.—Dad,please open the door. It_____ .
—OK,dear.I am coming.
A.locks B.locked
C.is locked D.was locked
( )34.Mrs Johnson’s funny story _____ by everyone who heard it.
A.laughed at B.was laughed
C.laughed D.was laughed at
( )35.I believe that those mountains _____ with trees in a few years.
A.are covered B.will be covered
C.are covering D.will cover
( )36.Necessary action _______ so that students can be safe at school.
A.can be taken B.may be taken
C.must be taken D.might be taken
( )37.—Did you go to Jim’s birthday party?
—No,I _______.
A.am not invited B.wasn’t invited
C.haven’t invited D.didn’t invite
( )38.Please don’t stand up in class