高中英语必修一第四单元重点、难点.doc

Unit four   Earthquakes
1、In the city, the water pipes in some buildings crached and burst.
   城市里，一些大楼里的水管爆裂。
burst爆裂,突发
  用法归纳：
  The square is bursting with tourists. 广场上到处都是游客。
  I felt as if my heart would burst with joy. 我觉得自己高兴得心花怒放。
  The police burst through the door. 警察破门而入。
  There was a burst of laughter in the next room. 隔壁房间里突然爆发出一阵笑声。
  联想扩展：
 (1) burst in on…突然打断
   He burst in on our conversation. 他突然打断了我们的谈话。
 (2) burst into +n. 突然…
   The speaker burst into angry speech. 演讲者突然讲粗话。
 (3) burst out + doing突然…
The woman burst out crying like a child. 那个妇女突然像小孩一样哭了。
 (4) burst to do sth. 迫切想做某事
    I am bursting to tell you the news. 我迫不及待的想告诉你这个消息。
2、But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night.
   但是认为这没什么的一百万城里人，那天晚上还像往常一样睡觉。
   易混辨析：
affair, event, accident, incident, matter 和business 事；事情
affair 指要做的事或已经发生的事。多用复数。
event 指重大历史事件，也可指日常生活中较重要的事或比赛项目。
accident 指意外或偶然的不幸事件，多有不良后果。
incident 与重要事件有关的事情，尤指政治、军事上有争议的情况。
matter 需要认真考虑的事情。
business 日常事务、商业事务；还可以是公事。
3、The suffering of the people was extreme. 人们极度痛苦。
suffer
  用法归纳：
   A, 受苦 He suffered terribly when his mother died.
   B, 受到损失  If I lost, my self-esteem will suffer.
   C, 遭受    He suffered no pain
   联想扩展：
suffer from
   1、受…之苦  I suffered most from lack of rest.
   2、患…病    I am suffering from a cold.
   特别提示：
   suffer表示“患…病”时，后面一般跟疾病名称。
   即时活用：
   _______ such heavy pollution already , it may now be too late to clean up the river .
    A. Having suffered   B. Suffering    C. To suffer     D. Suffered
   答案：A
4、Two-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.
   地震中，有三分之二的人死亡或受伤。
   易混辨析：
injure ; hurt; wound; harm  伤害
    injure比hurt 正式，hurt多指伤痛，而injure则指损害健康、成就、容貌等，强调功能的损失。
    hurt 既可指肉体上的伤害，也可指精神上、感情上的伤害。指肉体上的伤害时，hurt可与badly, slightly, seriously等连用；但若果指精神上的创伤，只能用very much, rather / deeply。
    wound 指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤，是出血的、严重的伤，特指战场上受伤。可以是肉体上的伤害，也可指精神上的创伤。
    harm 表示引起对身体、物质或精神上的损害，常指伤害人的肉体，损坏东西以及损害健康、品质、事业等。
    即时活用：
    1、Did you say that our neighbor ______ in the accident?
A. badly hurted       B. was badly hurted    C. had badly hurted       D. was badly hurt
       答案：D
    2、My chest _____ when I take a deep breath, doctor.
A. hurts   B. wounds  C.harms   D. injure
      答案：A
    3、There was a fight in the street yesterday. Three people were seriously ____.
A. hurt      B. killed      C. broken    D.cut
       答案：A
    4、The old lady died from the _____on her head; she was _______when cleaning windows on the ladder when she fell off it.
A. injury; injured   B. wound; wound  C. wounded; hurt   D. hurt; injured
       答案：A
    5、The bus driver was badly ___on both legs in the traffic accident.
A. wounded    B. broken     C. injured     D. destroyed
答案：C
5、The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.
   伤亡人数达到四十多万。
reach
  用法归纳：
 （1）到达
  The started early, hoping to reach there before dark. 它们很早就出发，希望天黑前到达那里。
  易混辨析：
  reach; get; arrive 到达
  reach后直接加地点； get加to再加地点；arrive后加at/ in再加地点，at 后加小地点；in后加大地点。如果表示地点的词是副词，get和arrive后都不能用介词。另外，只表示“到了”，不强调到什么地方用arrive。
  （2）达到
   The number of the students in our school will reach 2000 next year.
   我们学校学生的数量明年会达到2000。
　（３）用手或脚够到
Can you reach the book on the top of the shelf? 你能够到书架顶上的那本书吗？
特别提示：
reach还可以作名词，表示“用手或脚能够到的范围；管辖范围或臂展”。
Please pass me the salt, it’s out of my reach. 请把盐递给我，我够不到。
  （4）传到某人手中/耳中
Your letter reached me yesterday. 我昨天收到你的来信。
The news reached me just now. 我刚刚听到那个消息。
   （5）通向；延伸
Where does this road reach? 这条路通向哪里？
即时活用：
1、Most children stay at home until they ____ school age.
A. get     B.come    C. reach     D. arrive
  答案：C
   2、Dear Jenny, thank you for your letter which ______ on April 1st.
A. arrived   B. arrived at    C. arriving   D. arrived me
     答案：A
   3、It is _______that the letter will ____you this afternoon.
A. most like; arrive     B. likely; reach   C. mostly like; get     D. best like; reach
     答案：B
6、Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves. 砖头象秋天的红树叶一样覆盖着地面。
cover
  用法归纳：
  （1）覆盖
   The playground is covered by fallen leaves, we should clean it. 操场被落叶覆盖，我们应该清扫。
   特别提示：
   表示“覆盖”时，常用cover…with / by句型，并且译法比较灵活。
   I am covered by dust. 我满身都是土。
   She covered her face with her hands. 她用双手捂着脸。
  （2）包括；包含；涉及
   The study of physics covers many subjects.
   (3) 保护；掩护
   The mother covered the baby from the falling ceiling. 母亲保护婴儿不受下落的天花板的伤害。
  （4）走完多少路；看完多少页书。
   I can cover 100 Li on foot a day. 我一天不行能走100里。
   How many pages have you covered? 你看完了多少页书？
  （5）占多大面积
   Our school covers an area of 60.000 square meters. 我们学校占地60000平方米。
   特别提示：
   表示“占多大面积”用…covers an area of +数词。
  （6）采访
   The chief editor sent a reporter to cover the event. 主编派了一记者去采访整个事件。
   易混辨析：
   cover和interview
   cover表示“采访”时，表示对整个事件的采访；而interview多指对人的采访。
   即时活用：
   1、The farm is huge, lying between the valleys, and ____ an area of 15 square kilometers.
A. covered   B. being covered     C. covering   D. covers
      答案：D
   2、This is a long hard winter, with everything _______ white.
A. covered         B. covered by    C. covering   D. covering with
      答案：B
   3、This book is said to be a special one which ________ many events not found in other history books.
      A. writes         B. covers          C. prints       D. reads
      答案：B
   4、This is a long hard winter, with everything _______ white.
A. covered         B. covered by    C. covering   D. covered with
      答案：D
   5、The farm is huge, lying between the valleys, and ____ an area of 15 square kilometers.
A. covered   B. being covered     C. covering   D. covers
      答案：D
7、The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead。
   解放军组成小分队，将受困的人们挖出来，将死者掩埋。
dig out挖出；发现；捐钱
It is not easy to dig out the past. 发掘过去的历史是不容易的。
He was buried by an avalanche and had to be dug out. 他遇雪崩被埋住了，得把他挖出来。
联想扩展：
dig down 挖下  dig in 开始细致的工作 dig at 挖苦；嘲笑某人 dig deep 挖深；挖出来
 dig for 发掘；搜集 dig into 钻研 dig up 掘起；挖出
8、To the north of the city, most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from the coal mines there.
    在城市北边，一万名矿工中的大多数被从煤矿中救了出来。
表示方位的介词 in / on  / to  / off
用法归纳：
   （1）in 表示在范围里的某个方向
Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。
(2) on表示接壤
Canada is on the north of the USA. 加拿大在美国北边。
(3) to表示不在范围里，也不接壤
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国东边。
特别提示：
上边的句子可以改写为：
Japan lies east of China.
或者
East of China lies Japan.
特别提示：
改正过的句子省略了介词to，原因在于表示方向的名词还可以作副词，表示“在什么方向”或“去什么方向”。
(4) off 表示
A. 在范围里但不接壤（多指各国的岛屿）
Taiwan is off the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。
B. 在离…不远处
My house is off the main road. 我家离大路不远。
即时活用：
1、Taiwan lies______ the southeast of Fujian, which is ______ southeast of China.
      A. in; on    B. to; in     C. on; in    D. to; on
  答案：B
2、They traveled ________, all the way up to Wisconsin .
A. the north    B. in the north   C. north     D. the south
  答案：C
9、It is said but true that people die in earthquakes from falling furniture and bricks.
    据说但也是真的地震中人们被倒下的家具和砖头压死。
it作主语的几个常考句型
用法归纳：
   （1）作形式主语，代替动词不定式。句型为：
      It is + adj. / n. + for / of sb. to do sth.
      It is a pity for me to miss the lecture. 很遗憾我没听到那节课。
      It is difficult for me to work out the math problem. 算出那道数学题对我来说太难了。
      It is very kind of you to help me. 帮助了我，你这个人太好了。
特别提示：
这个句型中，名词后介词用for；形容词后的介词既可以用for，也可以用of。形容词如果能修饰人，形容词后用of; 形容词如果不能修饰人，形容词后用for。
   （2）作形式主语，代替that从句。句型为：
     It is + adj. + that 从句
It is important that you study English well. 你们学好英语是很重要的。
特别提示：
1、当说话人表示惊奇，that从句谓语要用虚拟语气，即should+动词原形，should可以省略。
  It is impossible that he (should) speak ill of you behind you. 他在你背后说你坏话是不可能的。
2、当说话者认为应该如此时，that从句中的should 不省略。
       It is natural that he should fail.  他失败是很自然的。
   （3）作形式主语，代替动名词   句型为：
        It is no use / useless doing sth. 做什么是没用的。
        It is no good doing sth. 做什么没好处。/ 做什么没益处。
        It is a waste of time doing sth. 做什么是浪费时间。
        It is no good smoking. 吸烟没好处。
        It is a waste of time playing pc games. 玩电脑游戏是在浪费时间。
     特别提示；
     It is a waste of money / energy to do sth. 做某事是浪费钱财/精力。
     It is a waste of money to buy these useless things. 买这些无用的东西时间浪费钱财。
   （4）It is +过去分词 +that… 据…
     It is reported that China will send up another man-made satellite.
据报道中国将再发射一颗人造卫星。
特别提示：
1、能用于这个句型的动词有：say; report; think; suppose; believe; consider; imagine; hope; wish; expect; know 等。
2、上面的复合句It is reported that China will send up another man-made satellite.可以改写为简单句 China is reported to send up another man-made satellite.
联想扩展：
As is +过去分词, +句子  据…
As is reported, China will send up another man-made satellite.
据报道中国将再发射一颗人造卫星。
特别提示：
用it作形式主语时，从句要用that引导。而用as作主语时，要用逗号把从句和主句分开。
   （5）引导强调句型  句型为：
     It is / was +被强调部分 +that / who / whom +剩余部分
     特别提示：
     强调句用于强调陈述句的某个成分。除了谓语，其他成分都能被强调。
     I met him in the street yesterday by chance.
     It was yesterday that I met him in the street by chance.
     It was in the street that I met him yesterday by chance.
特别提示：
1、如果陈述句的主语或宾语是人，强调句的连接词用who或whom，其他情况一律用that。
2、注意强调句型的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句形式。
  Was it yesterday that you met him in the street by chance?
  When was it that you met him in the street by chance?
  （6）表示时间
A. It is / has been +时间段 +since 从句   从过去某个时间到现在多长时间了
  It is over 30 years since China began its reform. 从中国改革到现在已经30多年了。
B. It was / had been +时间段 +since 从句 从过去的过去倒过去某个时间多长时间了
  It had been 29 years since China began its reform. 从新中国成立到中国开始改革有29年。
特别提示：
理解It was / had been +时间段 +since 从句句型时，理解时把since从句作为一个时间点向前推，会推到一个时间，翻译时，从那个时间点向后翻译。
即时活用：
1、It is ______you deal with difficulties that shows_____ you are really like.
　　A.what; what 　　B.how; what 　　C.how; that 　　D.which; how
  答案：B
2、________, he has finished his job ahead of time.
A. As is expected         B. Which is expected   C. It is expected       D. It is as expected
  答案：A
3、It _______ six years since I saw you last.
A. was    B. have been       C, is        D. had been
  答案：C
    4、________he realized it was too late to return home.
A.   No sooner it grew dark than   B.    Hardly did it grow dark when
C.  It was not until dark that      D.   It was until dark that
      答案: C
    5、I think it is a waste of money ______ books of that kind.
A. to buy    B. to buying     C. in buying     D. on buying
      答案：A
    6、It was the training that he had as a young man______ made him such a good engineer.
       A. what     B. that      C. later     D. which
   答案：B
7、      that there will be milu deer      in the wild one day.
A．It hoped, alive   B．It is hoped, living   C．We hope, alive   D．We hope, are living
   答案：B
8、She is thought ______very pretty when she was young.
       A. to have been   B. to be    C. to have    D. being
   答案：A
9、______ is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month.
       A. As   B. It     C. That     D. What
   答案：A
10、Earthquake safety is very important and there is more to it than just keeping buildings from falling down. 地震安全很重要，有很多东西要注意，不仅仅只是防止建筑物倒塌。
keep / stop /prevent…from doing  防止 /阻止…发生
What prevented you from coming on time? 什么事情使你没有按时到？
特别提示：
主动句中，stop和prevent 后的from可以省略，keep后的from不能省略。被动句中，三个词后面的from都不能省略。
即时活用：
It seems very difficult _________.
A. to stop the child to cry     B. preventing the child crying
C. to keep the child from crying     D. holding the child’s crying
答案：C
11、First, make sure you buy a house which is earthquake safe. 首先，确保你买的房子是防震的。
make sure = be sure
用法归纳：
   (1) + to do 一定；务必
Be sure to come on time this afternoon. 下午一定要按时到。
   (2) + of + n. 把…弄确切
I know there is a train to Beijing tonight, but you should make sure of the time.
我知道晚上有一趟去北京的火车，但是你应该把时间弄确切。
(3) + that从句
We are sure that China will become a strong and powerful country.
我们肯定中国将会成为一个强大的国家。
特别提示：
be sure / make sure to do = be certain to do
be sure / make sure of + n. = be certain of + n.
be sure / make sure + that… = be certain + that…
当be sure / make sure + that…时，句子的主语必须是人；而be certain + that…时，句子的主语用it。
即时活用：
1、It is ______ that they both have the greatest respect for each other.
A. certain                B. sure         C. certainly                D. surely
  答案：A
2、---Henry, ______ the light is ______ when you leave the lab.
      ---All right.
      A. be sure; turned down    B. make sure; turned off  
C. sure; turn off       D. make sure; turning off
  答案：B
12、They are one of the most important ways of protecting a house.
   它们是保护房子最重要的方法之一。
protect vt. 保护
    用法归纳：
（1）protect sth.
  To protect the environment, we should drive less. 为了保护环境，我们应该少开车。
（2）protect sth. / sb. from + n.
 You should wear a pair of dark glasses to protect your eyes from the snow.
  下雪天你应该戴副墨镜保护你的眼睛。
（3）protect sb. / sth. from doing
  Ge You speaks carefully in public to protect himself from being hurt.
  葛优在公共场合说话很小心，保护自己不被伤害。
（4）protect A against B
  The tree belts can protect this area against shifting sand. 护林带能保护这个地区不受流沙的侵害。
 即时活用：
   1、He raised both his arms to protect his face ______ the ball.
      A. from    B. for       C. with   D. to
   答案：A
   2、At the meeting, we reached a conclusion that we should do what we could ______ the Yellow River from being further polluted.
      A. to protect    B. protecting     C. protect      D. protected
  答案：A
3、You’d better wear your sunglasses to protect your eyes ______ the sun.
A. from    B. with    C. in    D. under
  答案：A
4、As you know, it is my duty to ________ my younger sisters from being hurt when they are in danger.
     A. prevent        B. save           C. stop         D. protect
答案：D
   5、Wild animals      in China at present.
A．are protected    B．will be protected   C．are being protected  D．have been protected
     答案：C
13、There was no stopping the fire.  不可能把火扑灭。
   用法归纳：
There is no + doing  …是不可能的
There is no knowing how old he is. 不知道他多大。
There is no persuading him to give up his idea. 不可能说服他放弃他的观点。
14、Amazing as it may seem, Wednesday night was a quiet night.
   虽然好像很惊奇的样子，星期三晚上还是很平静的。
此句中as引导让步状语从句
用法归纳：
 （1）名词+as + 主语 +谓语
   Boy as he is, he knows a lot.  虽然只是个孩子，但他懂得很多。
  特别提示；
   名词放在句首时，名词前不能加冠词。
 （2）形容词+as + 主语 +谓语
   Tired as he is, he keeps on studying. 虽然很累了，但他还在坚持学习。
 （3）动词+as + 主语 +助动词
   Try again as you will, you will not succeed. 虽然你可以再试，但是你还是不会成功。
  特别提示；
   动词放在句首时，句子中必须要有助动词。
15、Never before in history has a city been so completely destoryed.
   以前的历史中，从来没有一个城市象这样被彻底的破坏。
   易混辨析：
damage, destroy, ruin “破坏”的区别
damage 指不同程度的破坏、损坏。
destroy 指毁灭性的破坏。
ruin 由于各种原因，如火灾、天气、自然灾害，或由于丧失了对成功或幸福来说必不可少的某种东西，而破坏了人或物的价值、完整性、某方面的优点等。
Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, little damage was done.
The wet weather ruined our holiday.
即时活用：
用damage, destroy, ruin填空。
1、The strong wind ______ the wheat in some way.
2、The wet weather ______ our holiday.
3、The earthquake last ye