初中英语语法之名词.doc

初中英语语法之名词
一、名词的分类：名词分为专有名词和普通名词。
1、专有名词：个人，地方,机构等专有名称，如：China, Shanghai, Li lei等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如：Jim 吉姆    China 中国   July 七 Friday 星期五 Christmas 圣诞节   English 英语   
2、普通名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。
1）个体名词：某类人或东西中的个体，如 fighter, gun, country，cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。
2）集体名词：若干个体组成的集合体，如 family, team, police, class等。一般可数，有单复数形式
3）物质名词：无法分为个体的实物，如 cotton，tea, air等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。
4）抽象名词：动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness，love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。
二、名词的数：可数名词都有单数和复数之分；不可数名词没有复数形式。【重点】
1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则：
1）一般情况加 –s ：books，mouths，houses，girls等。
2）以 s，sh，ch，x结尾的加 –es：classes，boxes，matches等。
3）辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies：cities，countries，parties，factories等。
4）以 o 结尾的词 +es：heroes，Negroes，tomatoes，potatoes等。
以 o 结尾 +s：radios，zoos，bamboos，pianos，kilos，photos等。
5）以f，fe 结尾的多数 +es：leaves，lives，wives，knives，halves，wolves等。
直接 + s 的名词：roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。
2、 不规则的可数名词的变化规则：【难点】
1） 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如：man men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, mouse mice, child children等。
2）单复数形式相同。如：sheep, deer, fish等，以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等。
以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如：Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。 注意：Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.
3）单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works.
[说明] A. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes： There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.
B. 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.
man servant—men servants. (boy/girl students) woman doctor—women doctors.
3、复合名词的复数形式: son-in-law---sons-in-law , looker-on—lookers-on, 主体名词变化
4、字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加 “ ’s ”或 “ s”： There are two l’s in the word “ all ”.
Your 7’s and 9’s look alike. It happened in the 1960’s /1960s. I will not accept your if’s and but’s.
5、物质名词一般没有复数，但如下情况除外：
A. 用复数形式表示不同种类： wheats, fruits, vegetables.
B. 表示比原文更广的词义： wood—woods, water—waters, sand—sands.
6、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人：the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.
7、集体名词people, police 总是作复数： Several police were on duty.
8、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有，但意义不同：
The class is big.---- The class are taking notes in English.
The population in China is larger.---- 80% of the population in China are peasants.
9、hair 表示总体时是不可数： His hair is grey
如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs.
10、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等；news也是如此。
11、glasses， trousers， 等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair of …// this pair of…//that pair of…等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定：Where are my glasses ？My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes.
12、不可数名词没有复数形式，如果表示“一个”的概念，可用单位词：
a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal
a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap
【重点】 13、中考常考不可数名词：information, weather, news, advice, fun等。
[说明]：可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限；可数名词可以转变为不可 数名词 ，同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词，要看清整个上下文的具体内容。
一、名词的各种分类
单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式，包括可数名词的复数的变化规则，少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。
【考例】There is good_________ for you. I've found your lost watch. [广东省]
A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts
[答案]A。[解析] 四个选项都是以s结尾的名词，其中A为不可数名词，B、C、D为名词的复数形式，句中用了连系动词is，所以只有A项正确。
My uncle will come to my house for dinner．I want to buy some ___to make a vegetable salad for him．[济宁]
A．meat B．tomatoes C．apple juice
[答案]B。[解析]下文说制作蔬菜沙拉，故选蔬菜类的tomatoes。
The teacher said we needed to choose three        for the school concert.  [ 重庆]
 A. farmers       B. doctors       C. drivers       D. singers
[答案] D。 [解析]可数名词的复数形式是在原形后加“s”。根据school concert可知，需要挑选的是singers。
At night the koala bear gets up and eats___________．[广元]
A．1eaf B．1eaves C． leafs
[答案]B。[解析]考查名词leaf的复数形式。 以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时，一般将f或fe变v后，加es。
The PLA man saved three ____lives in the accident．[济南]
A．children’s B．children C．child D．childs'
[答案]A。[解析]考查名词所有格的用法。three后接复数children，变名词所有格时直接加“'s”，故选A。
Come on，children．Help yourselves to some_________ if you like．[南通]
A．fish and chicken B．fishes and chicken C．fish and chickens D．fishes and chickens
[答案]A。[解析]fish(鱼肉)和chicken(鸡肉)都是不可数名词。
All the ____teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th，because it was their own holiday．[ 重庆]
A．man B．men C．woman D．women
[答案]D。[解析]由时间on March 8th可知是妇女节，因此是女教师。“女教师”单数形式用woman teacher，复数形式两个词都要变为复数。故选D。
 二、不可数名词数量的表达法
用“数词或冠词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。
Mr Smith always has _________to tell us．[青岛]
A．some good pieces of news B． some pieces of good news
C．some good piece of newes D．some piece of good newes
[答案]A。[解析]考查名词的数的掌握。 news意为“消息”，是不可数名词，所以C、D两项可排除。形容词修饰类似的词组时，一般放在前面。
——Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you well．
一Well，I'd like to try those blue__________.[黄冈]
A．pairs B．one C．pant D．pair
[答案]A。[解析]pants要用a pair of来修饰，由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式，故选A。
―Would you like some drinks, boys?[ 河北] ―Yes,      , please.
     A. some oranges  B. two boxes of chocolates  C. some cakes  D. two bottles of orange
[答案] D [解析]orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词（piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等）是可数名词，可根据情况用单数或复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。
       exciting news! We will have        long holiday after the exam.  [ 黄冈]
A. What an, a     B. What, a      C. How an, the       D. How, the                              
[答案] B。 [解析]news为不可数名词，其前面不能用a/an来修饰。不可数名词的确切数量可借助单位词组来表示，如a piece of，a cup of ，two glasses of three bottles of，etc。
三、名词的所有格：
1、's 所有格：
1）构成：
A. 一般词尾+ ’s.：the teacher’s office, Xiao Li’s sister’s husband’s mother.
B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“’ ”： workers’ rest room.
C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加’s： children’s toys.
D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 ’s： my sister-in-law’s brother.
E. 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加’s： This is Tom, James and Dick’s room.
F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加’s：
Jenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south.
G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 ’s： a quarter of an hour’s talk.
2）用法：
A. 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词，表示所属关系： Lei Feng’s dairy.
B. 用于表示时间的名词： today’s paper. an hour’s drive. Friday’s work.
C. 用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词： the country’s plan. the farm’s fruit. China’s population.
D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词： our party’s stand
E. 用于表示度量、价值的名词： two dollars’ worth of books. a pound’s weight.
2、of所有格：
1）凡不能用’s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系：
the City of New York. a map of China.
2）下列情况通常要用of 属格：
A. 当名词有较长的定语时：
the name of the girl standing at the gate.
Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.
【难点】
3、双重所有格：
当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时，用双重 所有格，双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的：
a poem of Lu Xun’s .
a friend of his/hers .
Which novel of Dicken’s are you reading ?
some friends of my brothers’ .
【难点】
4、几种特殊情况：
the key to the door.
answers to the question
the entrance to the station / cinema
tickets for the film / movie
a check for $1500.

【考点诠释】

三、名词所有格及其用法
以-s结尾的单数名词加“’”或“’s”构成所有格；以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加“’”；不规则复数名词在词尾加“’s”；两者或两者以上共同所有，把“’s”加在最后的名词上；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。
_________fathers are both scientists．[ 咸宁]
A．Jim's and Bob B．Jim's and Bob's C．Jim and Bob's D．Jim and Bob
[答案]B。[解析]当两个人分别拥有时，要在每个人后都加名词所有格的标志“’s”来表达。吉姆的父亲和鲍勃的父亲不是一个人，所以在其后都加“'s”，故选B。
_____room is big and bright．They like it very much． [河北]
A．Tom and Sam B．Tom's find Sam C．Tom and Sam's D．Tom's and Sam's
[答案]C。[解析]本题考查名词所有格的用法。表示两人共同拥有某一事物时，只需要在第二个人的后面加“’s”。故选C。
―How’s Joy’s skirt? ―Her skirt is more beautiful than        .  [ 兰州]
A. her sister’s and Kate        B. her sister and Kate 
C. her sister and Kate’s        D. her sister’s and Kate’s
[答案] D。 [解析]当某物为几个人所共有时，只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式；如表示两者或两者以上分别所有，应在每个名词后用所有格形式。

四、表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“'s”来构成所有格。如：today's newspaper．ten minutes，walk，China's industry
 —Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?
 —No, it’s about _______.（浙江宁波）
 A. 7 minutes walk      B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes’ walk     D. 7 minute’s walk
  [答案]C。[解析]考查名词所有格用法。当名词的复数以-s结尾时，则只需要加“’”即可，则“7分钟的距离”为“7 minutes’ walk”。
——Come and see me in ．
——With pleasure．That’s what I'm expecting．[哈尔滨]
A．two or three days' B．two or three day's time C．two or three days' time
答案：C解析：in后接一段时间，此处表示“两三天的时间”，要用名词所有格形式，因two or three days是复数，直接加“”’，故选C。
I'm going on holiday on the 12th．I have to be back at work on the 26th.So I've got two_______ holiday．[临沂]
A．weeks B．week's C．weeks' D．week
答案：C解析：本题考查名词所有格的用法。“两周”是复数，用two weeks，weeks变名词所有格时，只需在后面加“’”，故选C。

五、名词作主语时的主谓一致
主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式，主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数；主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词 要用复数形式；主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式；谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。

六、语境中名词的选择
根据语境确定名词的词义，再根据句法进一步确定词形。
Studying in a foreign country is a different _____and you can learn a lot．[盐城]
A．event B．exercise C．experience D．exhibition
答案：C解析：由选项及句意“在外国学习是一次不同的并且你能学到许多东西。”可知用experience“经历”最合适。故选C。
---Would you like some_________?
---No, thank you. I'm not hungry at all. [陕西省]
A. tea B. water C. bread D. coffee
[答案]C 。[解析]后文中有hungry，说明上文询问的是关于食品的问题，所以选bread。
It's common ____that the Japanese eat Sushi． [沈阳]
A．information B．knowledge C．direction D．instruction
答案：B解析：由选项及句意“日本人吃寿司是常识”。information意为“信息”；knowledge意为“知识，学识”； direction意为“方向”；instruction意为“说明”，故选B。
The thing that ____is not whether you fan or not，but whether you try or not．[苏州]
A．minds B．cares C．matters D．considers
答案：C解析：句意为“问题不在于你失败与否，而在于你是否尝试了”。mind"介意”，care"关心”，matter"有关系，重要”，consider"认为，考虑”，故选C。
——I don't know how to use this machine．
一It doesn't matter．Here is the____．[江西]
A．instruction B．direction C．information D．advertisement
答案：A解析：句意：“我不知道怎样使用这台机器。”“没关系。这儿有说明。”故选A。
——What do you know about____?
——Line drawings that show how something works．[沈阳]
A．pictures B．diagrams C．programmes D．paintings
答案：B解析：由答语中的“画的线表明事情是怎么工作的”可知由“线”来表示，故应是图表。

七、易混名词的区别
主要是要求区别一些常见的容易混淆的名词的用法。
---Look, the tall building looks very modern.
---Yes, and there is a garden on its ___________. A garden in the air! [河南省]
A. top B. ground C. side D. floor
[答案]A。[解析] 由A garden in the air可判断为“顶部”。
一How can I tell one tree from another?
一You can mostly tell them by the _________of their leaves．[07武汉市]
A．shape B size C．age D color
[答案]A 。[解析]本题与生物知识。区别树的不同点时，大多通过树叶的“形状”。
---Oh! There isn't enough _________ for us in the bus.
---No hurry. Let's wait for the next. [昆明市]
A. place B. land C. room D. floor
[答案]C。[解析]考查单词room的用法。place意为“地点”；land意为“陆地"；room作可数名词时表示“房间”，作不可数名词时意为“地方”；floor意为“楼层，地板”。在“公共汽车上”，只能是没有足够的“地方”。
0ur school held an activity called “Recommend Books to Your Teachers”．The students made a
____of 1 000 books．[淄博]
A．note B．1ine C．menu D．1ist
答案：D解析：句意为“学生列了一张1 000本书的清单”。note"笔记”，line“线”，menu“菜单”，list“名单，单子”，故选D。

【巩固练习】

一、基础题

（一）根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词：
1. We’ve got a lot of new ___________(杂志) in our school library.
2. Yesterday the (航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.
3. Autumn is my favourite (季节)
4. ---How many _______(小刀) do you have? ---Three.
5. ---Does this piece of (音乐) sound nice? ---Yes. It’s wonderful!
6. We should give our （生命）for our country．
7. He told the doctor that he had a bad ____________（头疼）．
8. One of the ( 科学家 ) comes from America.
9.Today is March 8 th, It’ s （妇女）Day .
10. The students are (外国人)
11. What are you going to do in your  (两个月的) holiday? 
12. Can you find the (区别) between the two words.
13.Do you know the (重要性) of the problem?
14.There are of students in that big school. (千)

（二）选择最佳答案：
( ) 1. These ______ have saved many children’s lives.
A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor
( ) 2. There are many on the mountain.
A. apple tree B. apples trees C. apples tree D. apple trees
( ) 3. This is _______bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s
C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s
( ) 4. ---Are there any _______ on the farm?
---Yes, there are some.
A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep
( ) 5. ---What would you like to drink, _______ or orange?
---Orange, please.
A. hamburger B. chip C. tea D. cakes
( ) 6. --- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
　 A. some bottles of waters   B. some bottles of water
　 C. some bottle of water     D. some bottle of waters
( ) 7. Mike hurt one of his ______in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth   B. feet   C. hand   D. ear
( )8. There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes   B. meat   C. potato   D. pears
( )9. There are many _______ in the city.
　 A. Germen   B. Germany   C. Germanys   D. Germans
( )10. The______ has two _______ .
　 A. boys; watches   B. boy; watch   C. boy; watches   D. boys; watch
( )11. The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth   B. tooths   C. teeth   D. teeths
( )12. ---It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.
---But I think we should let ______go out first.
　 A. woman and children   B. women and child
C. woman and child      D. women and children
( )13. Are they going to have a party on _______ ?
　 A. Children’s Day    B. Childrens’s Day C. Childrens Day      D. Children Day
( )14. His father went to his doctor for _______about his trouble.
A .an advice B.some advice C advices D .the advices
( )15. Swimming is ______in summer.
A .a great fun B.great fun C .great funs D .great a fun
( )16. Is there ______on that plate?
A.some chicken B.any chicken C.some chickens D..any chickens

参考答案：
（一） 1.magazines 2.flight 3.season 4. knives 5. music 6. lives
7. headache 8.scinetists 9.women’s 10.foreigners 11.two months’
12. difference 13.importance 14. thousands

二、提高题：

（一）根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词：

1. Please close the w__________. It’s cold outside.
2. If you want