高中英语独立主格结构.doc

高中英语独立主格结构
一． 定义：独立主格，是由一个表示逻辑主语的名词或代词加上　非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语构成的，一种独立成分。
例如 Weather permitting,we'll have the party in the garden. It being Sunday,there was no school.
在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用

非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。

二、 非谓语动词独立主格结构
  在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
  Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.  
   He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.

A． 不定式“独立主格结构”
  在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
  1．动词不定式用主动的形式
  在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
  His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.
 （= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
    Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 
(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)

B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
 动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
  Being ill, he went home. 
 （= As he was very ill, he went home.）
  Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
 （= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）
  1． 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
  Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
 （相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
  The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
 （相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）
  2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
  The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
  必背：
  含有being的独立主格结构。
  It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.
  = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
 There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
  = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
  3． 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
  Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
 相当于一个条件状语从句If time  permits)
  My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
 （相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）
  4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
  The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
 （相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
  The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 
 （相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）
  C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
 如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
  The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.
  = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.
  The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
  = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.
   比较：
  动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
  The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）
  The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
  The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
  The food cooked, the boy went to bed.  饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）

二、 动词独立主格结构
  “逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
  A．逻辑主语+名词
  Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
  十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）
  注意：
  独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
  There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
  It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
  B．逻辑主语+形容词
  He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
  他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）
  = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.
  He stood there, his mouth wide open.
  他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being）
  = He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
  C．逻辑主语+副词
  School over, we all went home.
  放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being）
  = School was over, and we all went home.
  He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
  他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being）
  = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
  D．逻辑主语+介词短语
  He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
  他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。
  = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
  The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
  新老师面带微笑走了进来。
  = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
  The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.
  老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。
  = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.
  提示：
  在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
  The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
 （= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）

三、 with, without 引导的独立主格结构
  介词with without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
  A． with+名词代词+形容词
  He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
  他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
  = He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
  He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
  他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
  = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
  注意：
  在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
  With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
  由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
  With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.
   B． with+名词代词+副词
  Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
   = Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.
  The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
   = The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
  C． with+名词代词+介词短语
  He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或
  He stood at the door, computer in hand.
  = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
  Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或
  Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.
  文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
  = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.

D． with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
  With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 
  作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
  = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
  With the signal given, the train started.
  信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
  = After the signal was given, the train started. 
  I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.
  工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
  = I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.
  E． with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
  The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
  有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
  = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
  The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
  小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
  = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
  Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
  = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
  F． with+名词代词+动词不定式
  The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
  有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
  = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
  The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
  有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
  The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.
  提示：
  在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
  Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
  她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）

四、独立主格结构的句法功能
  独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
  A．作状语
  独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
  1．表示时间
  Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
  （= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）
  All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。
  （= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）
  With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.
  所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。
  （After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）
  2．表示原因
  With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
  有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
  （= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）
  There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.
  由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。
  (= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)
  3．表示条件
  Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
  如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
  （= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）
  All the work done, you can have a rest.
  所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
  （=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）
  Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
  （= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）
  提示：
  表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。
  【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.
  【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom.
  【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.
  【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。
  4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
  The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.
  那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
  （= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）
  The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
  杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
  （=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）
  Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
  有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
  （Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）
  B．作定语
  独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
  He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)
  他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
  = He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
  You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)
  你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
  = You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.
  He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
  他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。 (without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road )
  = He was walking along the road that didn誸 have any street lights on its both sides.

五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句 的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例：
⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend. －→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.
如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。
⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. －→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。

（二）案例探究
1.Everyone________ their seats,the meeting began.
A.taken B.taking C.having taken D.to take
命题意图：此题考查独立主格结构作时间状语。此题属五星级题目。
知识依托：名词或代词+现在分词作状语，名词或代词就是分词的逻辑主语。
错解分析：A项taken为过去分词，它与逻辑主语之间逻辑上是被动关系，而此题中everyone与take their seats 应为主动关系。B项强调动作与句子谓语表示的动作同时发生，而此题中应是先就座，后开会，有明显的先后顺序。
解题方法与技巧：①everyone与take their seats是主动关系。
②分词与句子谓语有明显先后顺序。分词应用过完成式。
答案：C
2.He stood there,his hands________ behind.
A.tying B.tied C.were tying D.were tied
命题意图：此题旨在考查独立主格作方式状语。此题属四星级题目。
知识依托：“名词或代词+过去分词”作为独立主格结构作状语。名词/代词与过去分词构成逻辑上的被动关系。
错解分析：D项干扰性最强，但是若选D项，题干为两个独立的简单句，缺少连词，可把句子改为He stood there and his hands were tied behind.
解题方法与技巧：弄清楚名词与分词之间的逻辑关系。
答案：B
3.________,Mother had to stay at home and looked after him.
A.Being ill B.He was ill C.Tom being ill D.To be ill
命题意图：此题考查独立主格结构作原因状语。此题属五星级题。
知识依托：名词或代词加现在分词构成的独立主格结构。
错解分析：干扰性最强的选项为A项，A项为现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语应是句子的主语Mother,那和“Mother had to…looked after him”意思不一致了。
解题方法与技巧：掌握分词作状语与独立主格结构作状语的区别。
答案：C

1. With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
    A. settled             B. settling                    C. to settle                  D. being settled 
2. _______ the production up by 60 %, the company has had another excellent year.
   A. As                   B. For                         C. With                       D. Through          
3. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _______ behind his back.
A. being tied         B. having tied              C. to be tied                D. tied
4. The meeting _______ over, we all left the room and drove home.
    A. is                    B. to be                       C. being                      D. would be
5. _______, they will go and visit the zoo.
   A. Weather permitting                              B. Weather permitted
C. Weather being permitted                      D. Weather having permitted
6. _______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
   A. With                B. Besides                         C.  As for                   D. Because of
7. I carefully poured the liquid into the water, my classmates _______ anxiously beside me to see what would happen.
A. stood                      B. standing                  C. to stand                  D. were standing
8. Tom sat there, face _______ in his hands, and wept.
A. was buried              B. being buried            C. burying                   D. buried

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