初中英语知识归纳总结.doc

初中英语知识归纳总结第一课时 名 词一、概述1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（专有名词的第一个字母要大写）二、可数名词与不可数名词1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-glasses; book- books2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。Light travels faster than sound; (light：光线，不可数)The lights are on. (light：灯，可数)4、不可数名词的量的表示不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表示。如：a glass of milk - four glasses of milk a piece of paper-two pieces of paper a bag of rice-three bags of rice三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用）1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化情 况变化形式例词一般情况加-sgirls; books;以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-esclasses; boxes; watches;brushes以辅音字母加y结尾的名词变y为i, 加escity-cities; baby-babies以f或fe结尾的名词变f,fe为v, 加esknife-knives; leaf-leaves以O结尾的名词potatoes; tomatoes；photos; kilos; bamboos; radios2、少数名词有不规则的变化形式policeman-policemen; man-men; woman-women; tooth-teeth; foot-feet; sheep-sheep; deer-deer;Japanese- Japanese; Chinese - Chinese; fish - fish四、名词所有格（运用）名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式，它也有构成上的变化。1、单数名词变所有格，只需在词尾加 s;2、复数名词的词尾已有s，只需加 即可；3、复数名词的词尾若没有 s ，则应加 s ;4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有，则在第二个人后面加 s ; 如：Da Mao and Xiao Maos room 如果不是两人共有，则在每个人后面都加 s; 如：Li Leis and Toms mother5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词，或表示时间、距离、地点等，而表示无生命名词的所有关系则用“of”表示。 如: the windows of house the picture of the family of 结构也能用于有生命名词的所有格。 a friend of my sisters a book of his第二课时 冠 词（一）一、概述冠词是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，本身不能独立使用。在汉语中没有这个词类。在学习冠词时，要注意这种加在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的词表示数量“一”时，与数词的区别；其表示“数量”的意义没有“one”强，这是学习中注意区别的。二、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种：一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)；the 一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article). a an三、不定冠词的用法a用于辅音音素起首的单词前，an用于元音音素起首的单词前。1、当第一次提到某人或某物时，用a或an起介绍作用，如：What is this? It is a bus.Who is she?She is a doctor.2、表示泛指一类人或物A snake is a cold-blood animal.A plane is a machine that can fly.3、表示某一类人或事物的任何一个。如：She is a teacher;That is an apple.There is an elephant in the zoo.4、可用于某些词组，是该词组不可缺少的组成部分。如：a long timea littlea fewat a timehave a trytake a chance5、表示“每一个”的意思。如：three times a dayfour yuan a dozen6、可用于抽象名词之前，使抽象名词具体化。如：I am quite at a loss;The little child is a joy to his parents.7、用于物质名词之前，使物质名词普通化。如：He drew out a tin of pineapple.They made a fire to get warm.注意：1、不定冠词an用在以元音（不是字母，而是发音）起首的名词或其他以元音起首的词之前，不定冠词a用在以辅音起首的名词或其他以辅音起首的词之前。2、u和h有时在单词中发元音，有时却读作辅音或不发音。如：I have been waiting for an hour.He is an honest young fellow.A hammer is a useful fool.3、英语中有些字母，如f h l m n s x。由于它前头第一个音是元音，所以在单独使用或作缩略词的第一个字母时，应使用“an”，如：There is an “n” in the word “no”.An MP means a member of parliament.第三课时 冠 词（二）一、定冠词的用法定冠词the 有this, that, these, those等意思，用于单数或复数名词前。主要用来特指，使一个或几个事物区别于所有其他同名的事物。1、指前文已经提到过的人或事物。如：I wrote an article. The article was about physics.2、指说话人都知道的人或事物。如：Please close the door before you leave.Lets go to the classroom.3、名词有定语修饰时，须用定冠词the,表示特指意义。如：The book on the desk is his.The teacher who talked with you is her mother.4、用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sunthe moonthe earththe skythe world5、用在序数词前面表示顺序。如：I live on the fourth floor.My mother is always the first one to come and the last one to leave.6、与其他词连用，构成固定词组。如：on the leftin the northin the front of7、在表示乐器名称的名词之前用定冠词。如：the pianothe violin8、用在形容词或副词的最高级前面。如：This was the most interesting voyage we had ever had.He is the tallest of us.9、用在形容词前面，表示复数意义的某一类人或事物。如：the richthe poorthe youngthe livingthe newthe rightthe truethe beautiful10、在表示江河、山脉、海湾、海峡、沙漠等专用名词之前加定冠词。如：the Changjiang Riverthe Nilethe Alpsthe Himalayas11、用在年代、朝代、时代名词前。如：the Qin Dynastythe Ming Dynastyin the 50sthe spring period12、和表示姓氏名词的复数形式连用，表示某姓氏一家人或夫妇二人。如：the Listhe Martins二、不用冠词的情况1、除一些特殊情况外，专用名词以及抽象名词和物质名词前不加冠词。如：Man is mortal.Miss Smith came in power at last.2、当名词前已有this, that, my, his, any, every, some, no, those, these等词修饰时或有所有格修饰时，不必加冠词。如：She is my sister.This article you had written is very wonderful.3、在交通工具、学科名称等名词前不加冠词。如：by planeby boatChinesePhysics4、在节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不加冠词。如：National DayMay DayAutumnJanuary5、在一日三餐、体育类等名词前不加冠词。如：He prefers milk and egg for breakfast.He preferred to play football and Id rather play tennis.6、在唯一的职务、头衔的名词前不加冠词。如：He is elected manager of our company.People elected him president of that country last year.7、在报纸标题、图像说明、文章题目、标志、广告前不加冠词。如：Workers MindNotes on the Study of Hong Lou Meng8、在一些固定词组中不加冠词。如：at homeby mistakelearn by heartat firstat lastat onceby seaday and night第四课时 代 词（一）一、概述代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词。代词的分类：人称代词：表示“我”、“我们”、“你”“你们”、“他、她、它”、“他们”的词叫人称代词；物主代词：表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词；反身代词：表示动作反射到执行者本身或用来加强语气的代词；指示代词：表示能替代名词或替代形容词的词；不定代词：表示不指明替代任何特定名词的代词。疑问代词：表示替代人或物且含有疑问语气的代词。二、人称代词人称数格第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数主格Iweyouyouhe, she, itthey宾格meusyouyouhim, her,itthem人称代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。1、主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作宾语。She gave these books to you and me;You must look after them;2、当并列代词作主语时，I 放在最后。顺序为你，他，我You, he and I are going to spend the winter holidays in Beijing.三、物主代词物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，有人称和数不清变化形式。人称数类别第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性myouryouryourhis, her, itstheir名词性mineoursyoursyourshis, hers,itstheirs形容词性物主代词只能作定语修饰名词，如：my watch; your books ; their names;名词性物主代词在句中可单独作用，可作主语、宾语和表语，后面不跟名词，英语中说：“我的一位朋友”，要用“a friend of mine”。有些结构中常用the 替代物主代词He had a cold in the head.（the意思是his）My mother took me by the arm. （the意思是her）四、反身代词单数myselfyourselfhimself; herself; itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代词在句中可以加强语气，用作宾语和同位语。He himself has finished it .（作同位语）He has taught himself Russian for 5 years .（作宾语）I did it mysldf. （加强语气）某些固定结构：by oneself; fo oneself; among themselvesThey made the machine all by themselves.He cooked a meal for himself.第五课时 代 词（二）一、指示代词指示代词有：this; that; these; thosethis, these 表示“这”、“这些”，是“近指”。that, those表示“那”、“那些”，是“远指”。注意：在电话用语里面，用this代替自己，that代替对方。如：whos that? This is Tom speaking二、不定代词英语中有以下不定代词：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little(a little), few(a few), many, much, other, another, some, any, no还有由some, any , no every构成的代词。1）both, allboth 是指“两者都”，而all则是指“三者或三者以上都”，如： Both of us are right. All of you are good at playing basketball.但all 还可以组成固定短语 all day, all this, all the time等2) either, neithereither 是指“两者之中任何一个“属于部分否定，而neither则是“两者之中一个也不“属全部否定Either of the books will do. Neither of the answers is right.而either还可出现在否定句子里，可与neither进行句型转换。如：Tom hasnt been to America, Jim hasnt, either= Neither Tom nor Jim has been to America.而neither (nor) 也可用于表示“也不”，构成“neither (nor) +助动词+主语”的句式。Kate isnt a worker, neither is Meimei.3) little, a little, few, a fewlittle, a little修饰不可数名词； few , a few修饰可数名词；little, few表示否定，“几乎没有”a little, a few表示肯定，相当于some, any.There is a little milk in the glass.There are few students in the classroom, theyre in the reading-room.4) every, eachevery, each都是强调每一个，every 作定语修饰名词。如：The bus comes every five minutes.Each of them may come at a different time.5) some , any6) 由some, any, no, every组成的不定代词something, someone, somebody, somewhere, anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere, nothing, none, nobody, nowhere, everything,everyone, everybody, everywhere. 三、疑问代词疑问代词用来构成疑问句，一共有五个：who, whom, whose, what, which.第六课时 数 词一、基数词基数词表示数量onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelvethirteen fourteen fifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteentwentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetytwenty-onethirty-eightfifty-threea hundreda thousanda milliona billion注意：表示具体数目的hundren, thousand, million等均不用复数，百位数和十位数之间通常加连词and；十位数与个位数之间要加连字符。二、序数词firstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenthtwentieththirtiethfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethhundredthtwenty-firstninety-nintya hundred and fifty-third序数词的缩写形式：由阿拉伯数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母。first-1st second - 2nd tenth - 10th三、时间和年月日表示法1、时间均用基数词表示：1）顺读法，先说“点钟”，再说“分钟”，如： 2:15 two fifteen 6:20 six twenty2）逆读法30分钟以内：“分钟数+ past +钟点数”，如： 3:20 - twenty past three 2:10 - ten past two半小时用 half，15分钟用 a quarter : 2:15 - a quarter past two 3:30 - half past three30分钟以外要用：“分钟数+ to + 下一个钟点”，如： 4:35 - twenty-five to five 2:55 - five to three2）年月日表示法 年份读法；月日读法；年月日一起读法。四、分数的表示法当分数中表示分子的数只含个位数时一般采用“分子（用基数词）+分母（用序数词）”表示。（分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数）如：one-third; two-thirds; three twenty-seconds五、数词与名词的搭配1）数词与名词连用时，它们的次序是“名词+基数词” Lesson 15; Room 1506 或者用“the + 序数词 + 名词” The Fifteenth Lesson the third floor2）数词与小时的搭配 two hours and a half three hours half an hour第七课时 形容词一、概述形容词修饰名词，说明人或事物或特征。在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。The beautiful girl is Toms sister.（充当定语）Three is nothing serious, is there?（充当定语，修饰不定代词的形容词及短语要放在不定代词之后）The shoes in the shop were not very expensive.（作表语）The old are looked after well.（有些形容词和定冠词the连用时，表示一类人或物，其谓语动词用复数形式）二、形容词比较级及最高级的形式1、绝大部分双音节形容词和单音节形容词的比较等级变化是规则变化。情 况变 化 形 式举 例一般情况在词尾直接加-er ; -estsmall - smaller - smallest以e结尾的词在词尾加 r ; - st ;large - larger - largest以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i，加- er; -esthappy- happier- happiest以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾，而且是重读闭音节将该辅音字母双写，再加-er ; -estfat fatter fattestthin thinner thinnestbig bigger biggesthot hotter - hottest2、部分双音节和多音节形容词比较级和最高级变化形式在多音节形容词前加more或mostbeautiful more beautiful most beautifuluseful more useful most useful3、不规则形容词比较级和最高级形式：good, well better best bad, ill worse worstmany, much more most little less leastfar farther, further farthest, furthest三、形容词的比较等级的用法1、当A=B时，则用as（副）as（介，连），中间用形容词或副词的原级。表示甲与乙在某方面一样 He is as tall as I (me)2、AB，则用not as(so)as 表示甲与乙在某方面不一样。 He is not so tall as I = He is shorter than I =Im taller than he The boy isnt as careful as that one = This boy isnt as careful than that one3、比较级+than 形式 This lesson is more difficult than that one She is fatter than Kate4、the+最高级+(in of)短语 Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our class He is the oldest of the three of 常与名词复数或表示数量的词连用。表示“在之中”这一。in常与表示范围或场所的名词连用“在范围之中”四、形容词比较级特殊用法1）more and more比较级连用表示“越来越” In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer. He is getting busier and busier.2）The more the more 越就越 The larger the bus is , the more people it can carry. The farther away an object is from us, the smaller it looks.3）比较级形式表达最高级：比较级+than any other+名词单数；比较级+than the other+名词复数 He is clever than any other boy- He is the clevest of all the boys- He is clever than the other boys4、修饰比较级的副词有much, even , quite , a little, a lot等表示“得多”“甚至”，表示程度。第八课时 副 词一、概述副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，表示动作的特征、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。二、副词的分类时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、疑问副词及程度副词。1、时间副词：时间副词表达的内涵包括回答“什么时候”或“经常与否”A: how, then, yesterday, last time, today, just now, later on, so far, ago;B: always, often, usually, sometimes, never, hardly, ever;C: already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, at last, finally, at first, since;2、地点副词：表示地点或位置关系的副词。A: here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere;B: above, below, down, up, out, in, across, back, over, round, away, near;注：B类中表示位置的副词有时也可作介词。如：come in, please- They live in the next room.3、方式副词：badly, carefully ,politely, sadly, suddenly, happily. well, fast, high, hard.4、 程度副词：常见的有: much, a little, a bit, very, even, so, too, enough, quite, rather, completely, terribly, nearly, hardly, not at all。这些副词多用来修饰形容词、副词或动词以加强语气。5、 疑问副词：是用来引导一个特殊问句，有时用来引导时间状语从句或宾语从句。疑问副词有：how, when, where, why, who6、部分副词的用法：1）too, either, also都是表示“也”。too和either都用于句末，too用于肯定句中，either用于否定句及一般疑问句中，also放在句子中，BE动词前，实义动词后。2）so, neither都可以用在倒装句的开头。so接在肯定句后表示“也一样”，句式：so+助动词+主语；neither接在一个否定句后面表示“也不，没.”句式：neither+助动词+主语I have read the book, so has he.Jim didnt win the game, neither did Tom.3）already, yetalready 和yet通常用于现在完成时中，already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句中。He has already finished his homework.Jim hasnt come back yet.7、副词的比较等级副词和形容词一样，也有比较级和最高级，其变化形式与形容词的比较比较级和最高级一样。第九课时 介 词一、知识概述介词是一种虚词，一般在句子中不重读，也不能单独充当句子成分，但与它的介词宾语一起构成介词短语，就可以在句子中作状语、定语和表语。介词又称前置词，一般位于名词或代词的前面，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。在学习介词时，最重要的是掌握介词的用法，动介词组的搭配，时间介词、方位介词、方向介词、位置介词、成语介词以及动向介词和静向介词的比较和区别。二、介词的定义及句法功能介词是一种虚词，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词后的名词，或相当于名词的其他词组、短语或从句，称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语在句中主要用作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。The boy over there is my brother.（作定语）A friend in need is a friend indeed.（作定语）I shall meet you at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel.（作地点状语）To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls.（作原因状语）Ill be in the office every afternoon.（作表语）He isnt at home（作表语）The farmer made the king out of the water.（作宾语补足语）I found everything in good order（作宾语补足语）三、介词与其他词类的固定搭配。介词和动词、形容词、名词等常构成固定搭配。也就是说，在这些词的后面，常常要求用一定的介词。1、形容词与介词的固定搭配有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词，这类介词常见的有：about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with（1） 形容词+aboutcareful abouthopeful aboutsure aboutHe is careless about his clothes（2）形容词 +atgood atsurprised atangry at（3）形容词 + forfamous forready forsorry forIm terrible sorry for telling him the truth.（4）形容词 + fromdifferent fromsafe fromHe was absent from class this morningMy sister is different from me in many ways.（5）形容词 + ininterested insuccessful inHe is interested in making model ships.2、名词与介词的固定搭配（1） 名词 + forHe made up an excuse for being late.Did you find the cause for your failure?（2） 名词 + inHe has some difficulty in translating the bookShe has made great progress in English.（3） 名词 + ofShe found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late（4） 名词 + onThere have been several attacks on foreigners recently.Have pity on me!（5） 名词 + withI wanted to have a talk with youHe is always getting into trouble with the police第十课时 连 词一、知识概述连词是一种虚词，不能在句子中单独作句子成分，也没有句子重音，在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关系的词。从属连词是用来引导从句的词。二、并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可分为表示转折、因果、选择和联合关系等四大类。表示联合关系的连词，常见的有：and, not onlybut also, as well as, bothand, neithernor.Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and American.