戏剧简介(英文)教学提纲.ppt

戏剧简介(英文)DramaDramaDramaisthespecificmodeoffictionrepresentedinperformance.ThetermcomesfromaGreekwordmeaningactionwhichisderivedfromtodo.Theenactmentofdramaintheatre,performedbyactorsonastagebeforeanaudience,presupposes(预先假定)collaborative（合作的）modesofproductionandacollectiveformofreception.Thestructureofdramatictexts,unlikeotherformsofliterature,isdirectlyinfluencedbythiscollaborativeproductionandcollectivereceptionHistory of Western dramaHistory of Western dramaClassical Athenian dramaWesterndramaoriginatesinclassicalGreece.Thetheatricalcultureofthecity-stateofAthensproducedthreegenresofdrama:tragedy,comedy,andthesatyrplay(【古希腊】森林之神滑稽短歌剧,萨堤罗斯滑稽剧).Theiroriginsremainobscure,thoughbythe5thcenturyBCEtheywereinstitutionalisedincompetitionsheldaspartoffestivitiescelebratingthegodDionysus（狄俄尼索斯：酒神和宗教狂欢庆祝大自然权力和丰饶之神）.SatyrplaySatyrplayswereanancientGreekformoftragicomedy,similarinspirittoburlesque(讽刺作品).Theyfeaturedchorusesofsatyrs,werebasedonGreekmythology,andwererifewithmockdrunkenness,brazensexuality,pranks,sightgags,andgeneralmerriment.SatyricdramawasoneofthethreevarietiesofAtheniandrama,theothertwobeingtragedyandcomedy.ItcanbetracedbacktoPratinasofPhlius,circa500BC.Papposilenusplayingthecrotals,theatricaltypeofthesatyrplayRoman dramaRoman dramaFollowingtheexpansionoftheRomanRepublic(50927BCE)intoGreekbetween270240BCE,RomeencounteredGreekdrama.FromthelateryearsoftherepublicandtheRomanEmpire(27BCE-476CE),theatrespreadwestacrossEurope,aroundtheMediterraneanandreachedEngland;Romantheatrewasmorevaried,extensiveandsophisticatedthanthatofanyculturebeforeit.WhileGreekdramacontinuedtobeperformedthroughouttheRomanperiod,theyear240BCEmarksthebeginningofregularRomandrama.ThefirstimportantworksofRomanliteraturewerethetragediesandcomediesthatLiviusAndronicuswrotefrom240BCE.MedievalMedievalIntheMiddleAges,dramainthevernacular(本地语言)languagesofEuropemayhaveemergedfromreligiousenactmentsoftheliturgy(礼拜仪式).Mysteryplayswerepresentedontheporchofthecathedralsorbystrollingplayersonfeastdays.Elizabethan and JacobeanElizabethan and JacobeanOneofthegreatfloweringsofdramainEnglandoccurredinthe16thand17thcenturies.Manyoftheseplayswerewritteninverse,particularlyiambicpentameter(抑扬格五步音).InadditiontoShakespeare,suchauthorsasChristopherMarlowe,ThomasMiddletonwereprominentplaywrightsduringthisperiod.Asinthemedievalperiod,historicalplayscelebratedthelivesofpastkings,enhancingtheimageoftheTudormonarchy.AuthorsofthisperioddrewsomeoftheirstorylinesfromGreekmythologyandRomanmythologyorfromtheplaysofeminentRomanplaywrights.Modern and postmodernModern and postmodernThepivotalandinnovativecontributionsofthe19th-centuryNorwegiandramatistHenrikIbsenandthe20th-centuryGermantheatrepractitionerBertoltBrechtdominatemoderndrama;eachinspiredatraditionofimitators,whichincludemanyofthegreatestplaywrightsofthemodernera.Dramatic structureDramatic structureDramaticstructureisthestructureofadramaticworksuchasaplayorfilm.Manyscholarshaveanalyzeddramaticstructure,beginningwithAristotleinhisPoetics.Exposition or IntroductionTheexpositionprovidesthebackgroundinformationneededtoproperlyunderstandthestory,suchastheprobleminthebeginningofthestory.Rising actionThebasicinternalconflictiscomplicatedbytheintroductionofrelatedsecondaryconflicts,includingvariousobstaclesthatfrustratetheprotagonistsattempttoreachhisgoal.ClimaxThethirdactistheclimax,orturningpoint,whichmarksachange,forthebetterortheworse,intheprotagonistsaffairs.Ifthestoryisacomedy,thingswillhavegonebadlyfortheprotagonistsfirstly;andthenthingswillbegintogowellforthem.Ifthestoryisatragedy,thingswilgofromgoodtobadfortheprotagonists.Simplyput,thisiswherethemostdramaticpart.Falling actionSummary:Thefallingactionisthatpartofthestoryinwhichthemainparthasfinishedandyoureheadingtotheconclusion.DnouementThednouementservesastheconclusionofthestory.Thecomedyendswithadnouementinwhichtheprotagonistisbetteroffthanatthestorysoutset.Thetragedyendswithacatastropheinwhichtheprotagonistisworseoffthanatthebeginningofthenarrative.Moremodernworksmayhavenodnouement,becauseofaquickorsurpriseending.Classification of dramaClassification of dramaThetwomasksassociatedwithdramarepresentthetraditionalgeneric（通称）divisionbetweencomedyandtragedy.TheyaresymbolsoftheancientGreekMuses（缪斯，司文艺、音乐、美术的女神）,Thalia（赛利尔，喜剧的女神）andMelpomene（黑尔波墨涅，司悲剧之缪斯）.ThaliawastheMuseofcomedy(thelaughingface),whileMelpomenewastheMuseoftragedy(theweepingface).TragedyTragedyisaformofartbasedonhumansufferingthatoffersitsaudiencepleasure.Tragedyreferstoaspecifictraditionofdramathathasplayedauniqueandimportantrolehistoricallyintheself-definitionofWesterncivilisation.themasterpiecesoftheartofdramaThe masterpieces of Tragedies:The classical Athenian tragedies:Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）:The Persians波斯人 Seven against Thebes七将攻拜忒The Suppliants 乞援者The Oresteia 俄瑞斯忒亚Agamemnon阿迦门农 The Libation Bearers奠酒人The Eumenides复仇女神 Prometheus Bound普罗米修斯Sophocles（索福克里斯）：Oedipus the King,俄狄浦斯王Antigone安提戈涅Euripides（欧里庇底斯）：medea美狄亚The Trojan Women特洛伊妇女The early modern tragedies:IntheEnglishlanguage,themostfamousandmostsuccessfultragediesarethoseofWilliamShakespeareandhisElizabethancontemporaries.Shakespearestragediesinclude:Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克莉奥佩克拉Coriolanus科里奥兰纳斯Hamlet哈姆雷特Julius Caesar朱利叶斯凯撒King Lear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Othello奥赛罗Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶Timon of Athens雅典的泰门Titus Andronicus泰特斯安特洛尼克斯The modern tragedies:Christopher Marlowe:The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusTamburlaineJohn Webster:The Duchess of MalfiThe White DevilComedyComedyasapopularmeaning,isanyhumorousdiscourseorworkgenerallyintendedtoamusebycreatinglaughter.Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬):Comedystartedfrom425BCE,Aristophanes,acomicplaywrightandsatiricalauthoroftheAncientGreekTheaterwrote40comedies,suchasThe Frogs,11ofwhichsurviveandarestillbeingperformed.Comediesusuallyalsohaveelementsofthesupernatural,typicallymagicand,fortheAncientGreeks,thegods.Comedyincludestheunrealisticinordertoportraytherealistic.FortheGreeks,allcomediesendedhappilywhichisoppositeoftragedy,whichendssadly.Shakespearean and Elizabethan comedyComedy,initsElizabethanusage,hadaverydifferentmeaningfrommoderncomedy.AShakespeareancomedyisonethathasahappyending,usuallyinvolvingmarriagesbetweentheunmarriedcharacters,andatoneandstylethatismorelight-heartedthanShakespearesotherplays.ThemasterpiecesofShakespeareancomedies:The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之梦Twelfth Night第十二夜The Winters Tale冬天的故事The Tempest暴风雨Thank 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