高中英语细节理解题的实战技法.docx

细节理解题的实战技法

1.快速定位法
快速定位法指的是抓住题目中的关键信息﹐用寻读的方法快速定位。
典例 A working day for Dereck and Beverly starts very earlier——at 4 : 30 in the morning!That 's when they get up and start filming.And it's a long day—they often work until 8:30 in the evening. In the winter it's very cold and in the summer it can be40℃. Dereck always does that.and she doesn't write. But Dereck never takes photographs or records the sound.They work very well as a team,and they both believe we should shoot animals with cameras——not with guns!
★Dereck and Beverly start working      
A.at 4:30 in the morning B.at 4:30 in the afternoon   C.at 8:30 in the morning   D.at 8:30 in the evening
2.选项排除法
选项排除法是根据题干提供的信息,先把一眼就看出的干扰项排除,缩小选择范围,然后将剩余的选项填入空白处进行检验,辨别真伪。
典例 How do you remember the way to your house? Where do dreams come from? It is your brain(大脑)that does these things.A British scientist showed that “ sleep can improve one's memory”. It's not a dream for students to study when they sleep.In fact.your brain is working day and night.1f you learn words before bed. a certain part of the brain may help you to remember the words while you sleep. What's more，another scientist in the USA found that there was a “talent button(天才按钮)”in the human brain.It might make a person more talented.
There are more interesting things about the brain. Your brain uses less energy than a fridge light.Just two bananas can give the brain enough energy to work for a whole day. According to some scientists.yawning（打哈欠)keeps our brains“cool”，which makes us think quicker.
Here are some pieces of advice to keep a good brain:
- Eat healthy food.
- Get a lot of play time or exercise.
- Don't drink or smoke.
. Use your brain a lot.
★Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Our brains only work in the daytime. 
B.Our brains need much energy every day.   
C.Smoking can keep our brains healthy.         
D.Getting exercise is good for our brains.
3.数字计算法
数字计算题也是细节理解题的一种,数字计算法主要适用于该类题。该方法要求对文章中提到的数据进行简单的加减乘除运算,以便得出符合题目要求的数据。

典例 When we cut down the rainforests，we destroy these forest people，too.In 1900，there were 1，000，000forest people in the Amazon forest.In 1980, there were only 200 ,000.
★The number of the people living in the Amazon forest in 1980 was     of that in 1900.
A.half  B.one-third   C.two-fifths   D.one-fifth

三、词义猜测题的实战技法

1.通过构词法猜测词义
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生,转化或合成的新词,考生可以依据构词法方面的知识来猜测词义。
典例They like different kinds of amusements. The Germans are very hard-working.They like tidiness，especially the women，who always keep their home clean.
What does the underlined word“tidiness”mean in Chinese?
A.整洁B.安静C.时尚D.随意
2.利用标点符号猜测词义
作者有时利用标点符号为一些生词直接提供定义或解释,这些符号无疑为考生理解或猜测生词词义提供了很好的线索,如破折号、引号等。考生在解题时要善于抓住这些线索。
典例Bob works in a car factory near his home. He works very hard. He needs to work 8 hours everyday. He will be on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.next day.
★What's the meaning of the underlined words?
A.开夜车B.夜班C.熬夜D.晚上休息
3.通过同义、反义关系猜测词义
在生词所在的上下文中,有时会出现与之同义或反义的词语,这时可根据熟悉的词语的含义推知生词的含义。
典例 In its first year of business.Diners Club issued 200 cards.The customers who got the cards from the Diners Club could use them at 27 different restaurants.Today . Diners Club has about 8 million customers.and they can use their cards in over 7.6million businesses in more than 200 countries.
★The underlined word“issued” here probably means
A.showed B.took C. borrowed D. provided
4.通过定义、解释和举例猜测词义
在阅读材料中,特别是新闻报道及科普类说明文中,生词后面往往用that is，mean，stand for,namely，refer to，in other words等或破折号引出说明性的内容,有时也用同位语、定语从句进行解释说明。还有些文章经常用例子来说明前面较难理解的词,这些例子可帮助考生准确猜测生词。文章举例时,常常会用一些连接词，如 : such as，like，for example等。
典例 Why did he do it? Why did he break the law and endanger people's health? The answer is simple: He wanted to make more money.It was a moral failing，and this is at the heart of the food scandals in China.Too many people focus on making money and not on the effects their actions can have on others.
★It was a moral failing，and this is at the heart of the food scandals in China.Here what's the Chinese meaning of "moral failing”?
A.精神崩溃 B.道德滑坡 C.质量下降 D.心理失衡
5.根据释义猜词义
释义常由定语从句或由is，or，that is ( to say ) , in other words , be called，be known as等词汇短语或破折号来表示。
典例 It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is，it will break easily. What 's the Chinese meaning of“brittle”?
A.强壮的 B.脆的 C.骄傲的 D.平静的
6.通过上下文的联系猜测词义
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都与句子所在的段落及整篇文章有联系。因此,考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析,进而猜测词义。
典例  As she grew older. she accepted who she was.Still. she wanted to find the missing piece of the puzzle. After finding out the place of her birthparents. Ida went to Korea in 2008.When she first arrived，she was surprised to see so many people who looked like her. However,apart from her looks，not much could be shared with others.she knew little about the culture，food，especially the language.Being in Korea wasn't always easy for her.
★What does the phrase“apart from”mean?
A. except B.as for C. as well as D. besides

四、推理判断题的实战技法

1.抓住特定关键信息进行正向或逆向推理
考生做此类试题时,要善于抓住某一关键信息﹐即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用正向推理或逆向思维,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
典例 Mark Wellman showed that if you set your heart and mind on something,no wall is too high，and no dream is impossible.
What can we learn from the passage?
A.A friend in need is a friend indeed. 
B.Dreams will come true in the end.
C.Each step is important to success. 
D.Nothing can stop a strong will.
2.根据文章中主人翁的所作所为推断主人翁的身份
对于推断主人翁或作者身份的题目,考生要根据主人翁或作者的所作所为来推断。
典例 In England，everybody knows Jamie Oliver.He has his own TV programs. In these programs. he tells people how to cook healthy food. Everyone likes Jamie's programs because his food is easy to make.
Jamie wants people to eat healthily. In some schools in England，the food at lunch time wasn't healthy.One day，Jamie went to a school to make a TV program about healthy diet. He cooked the food with lots of fruit and vegetables.At first the children didn't want to eat because they didn't like fruit or vegetables.But after they tasted the food,they started to enjoy it.
Now the food for children in schools has become much healthier.
★From the passage we learnt that Jamie is a famous    
A.TV host
B.film actor
C. school teacher
3.运用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
有些文章的语境有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨大意,了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。
典例 After our hospital visit，my husband and l needed cheering up.so we thought we would treat ourselves to a big breakfast at our favourite restaurant. While we were waiting for our meals，we decided to use all our small change and make our wallets light. so we counted it out as we waited.
l vaguely(含糊地)remembered seeing a man sitting nearby.When our meals arrived，we found a note. It read, " Your breakfast has been paid for.Hope you have a lovely day.”
lt was a wonderful surprise as nothing like that had ever happened to us. He must have thought we could hardly pay the bill. We looked around to thank him，but he had left.As retirees(退休者),we were grateful for the help like this，but it was the kindness of a total stranger that meant so much more to us.
★Clearly the man sitting near the couple was     
A. poor B.rich  C. helpful  D.grateful
4.根据上下文的逻辑得出结论
逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点.例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论﹐而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时,应把握作者的写作思路,预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按事件发展的经过描写,也可按因果关系,对比关系来描写。
典例 My summer hols wr CWOT.B4， we used 2 go 2 NY 2C my bro. his GF &. thr 3:—@kidsFTF.ILNY and its gr8.
Can you understand this sentence? If you can't，don't feel too bad: neither could the middle school teacher in England who received this as homework.This is Netspeak:the language of computerized communication found on Internet or cellphones.To newcomers. it can look like a completely foreign language. So,what is the“translation”of the sentence above?My summer holidays were a complete waste of time. Before,we used to go to Nee York to see my brother , his girl friend , and their three screaming kids face to face. I love New York and it 's great .
★What is the main purpose of the first paragraph?
A.To give an example of a foreign language.   
B.To show an example of creative methods.
C.To express worries about using Netspeak. 
D.To lead in the topic of Netspcak.

五、热身环节

主旨大意题的实战技法
1.主旨大意题解题的“五大原则”
主旨大意题是不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题目﹐解题时要注意以下“五大原则”:
①以原文为依据,不掺杂个人意见,要客观不要主观。要克服“我认为……怎么样”的观点。
②答案是比出来的。因为,有时候四个答案都是对的。答案不选对的,只选最好的。比答案的原则是:好的≥不知道的≥不对的。
③注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词,比如: all . always, never , nothing ,every等,除非文章当中使用了该类词汇,否则,一般都要排除。
④答案要避免以点带面,以偏概全。尤其是多个选项都有道理,难以挑选正确答案的时候,要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。
⑤“傻瓜”原则。文章中没有提到的就当是不知道,不要枉自猜测,自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。
2.选帽原则
所谓选帽原则,就是选的标题要像帽子一样,大小合适才行。另外,标题要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔,所以它还要具有醒目的特点,能吸引读者。
典例 Hi，dear boys and girls ! Do you know how to be a healthy kid? Here are some rules you should follow.
First.eat different foods，especially fruit and vegetables. You may have a favourite food，but you'd better eat something different. lf you eat different foods，you will probably get more nutrients(营养物质)your body needs.
Second，drink water and milk as often as possible. . .
Third.listen to your body.. .
Fourth，limit(限制)screen times.. .Fifth，be active.. .
Follow these rules and you can be a healthy kid.
★Which is the best title of the passage?
A.How to be active 
B. How to make yourself important 
C.How to make your parents healthy   
D. How to be a healthy kid
3.主题定位法
主旨大意题主要包括两类;标题类和主旨大意类。这两类题目有很多的共性,解这类题目时,主要采取主题定位法。
所谓主题定位法,就是通过分析文章的首尾和各段开头,找出每一小段的主题句,然后通过寻找共同点,找出整个文章的主题句。这种方法叫作主题定位法。
要掌握好主题定位法,考生要明白主题主要的呈现方式:

(1)藏头露尾式
藏头露尾式的意思是说,主题句不是出现在开头,而是出现在结尾。
典例 On the Internet，we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can.We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet.what 's more，we can go to school on the net，read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages.We also enjoy music， watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net，we can do shopping even without leaving our homes.The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.
★What 's the main idea of the passage?
A.Keep away from the Internet.B.Surf the net.
C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.
D.We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.
(2)首尾呼应式
在有些文章中,为了突出主题,作者在文章开头提出主题,接着进行阐述或论证,在结尾时再次点明主题。值得注意的是,前后两个主题句不是简单的重复,再次出现的主题句往往是对前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。
典例 Lacrosse(长曲棍球)is a popular sport in Canada.The Indians in Canada invented it.They used it to train for war.They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.
People play lacrosse outdoors.The lacrosse field is seven meters long.At each end of the field there is a goal.The goal is. . .
There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada.Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.
At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada.Today it is still popular with Canadians.
★The passage is mainly about    
A. how to Play Lacrosse B. lacrosse in Canada  C.the History of Lacrosse
D.lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada
(3)藏龙卧虎式
藏龙卧虎式指的是主题句隐含在全文当中,没有明确的主题句。具体方法是:首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。
典例Handshaking. though a European practice, is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met，they showed their unarmed hands to each other as a sign of good will.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly，people in cities began to clap each other's hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“ Let 's shake( hands ) on it!”sometimes means agreement reached.
典例 The paragraph mainly tells us    
A. where handshaking was first practiced 
B.how handshaking came about
C.about the relationship between handshaking and trade 
D.about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China.