名词性从句知识点总结.docx

名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。
（一）引导名词性从句的连接词
1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。
2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。
3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。
注意：
1、连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。
2、不可省略的连词：
（1）介词后的连词
（2）引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
（二）主语从句
1、主语从句在复合句作主语。
e.g. Who will go is not important.
2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。
e.g. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.
主要句型有：
（1）It+be+形容词+that从句。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
（2）It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
（3）It+be+过去分词+that从句。
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
（4）It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
（5）It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。
e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
4、当主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数，下面这个句型例外。
What we need is more time and money.
What we need are many more books.
5、if不能用在主语从句中，而是用whether
Whether he left (or not) is unknown
6、引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 从属连词that。
That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
(2)从属连词whether。如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
注意：连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。
（三）表语从句
1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。
e.g. The question was who could go there.
注意：连系动词“appear, look, seem”的两个常用句型
It seems/appears that….
It looks/seems as if/as though……(与事实相符用陈述语气，与事实相反用虚拟语气)
2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。
e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.
3、引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
(1)从属连词that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2)从属连词whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注意：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it\'s as if it was only yesterday.
这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
注意：连词because可引导表语从句。
because 与 why在引导表语从句的区别：
eg：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
（because后面加原因）
I think it is the reason why he was so angry. 我想这就是他如此生气的原因。
（why后面加结果）
（四）宾语从句
1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。
e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.
2、介词宾语从句：介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。
e.g. I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..
I’m interested in what you’ve said.
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。
①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。
e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。
e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）
③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。
e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。
e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don’t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
注意：区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句
I don’t know if he will come.
If he comes, I’ll let you know.
4、宾语从句的时态变化规律：
宾语从句时态与主句相呼应，但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外
(1)当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。
(2)当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。
5、当主语是I, we ，主句用think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine五个动词时，用否定转移
I think he will win the game.
（否定句）I don’t think he will win the game.
对应的反义疑问句：I don’t think he will win the game, will he
6、引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
(1)从属连词that。
He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服
注意：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。
①and或 but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，可以省略第一个连词that，放在an或者but的后面的that不能省略。
Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.
大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
②that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。
I know nothing about him except that he is from the south
对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。
.③ that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。
That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
④主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。
We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period.
鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。
⑤当宾语从句后带宾补时，要用“主语+谓语+it +宾补+that-clause, that不可省略
I think it certain that she will do well in her exam.
(2)从属连词if/whether。
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
（五）同位语从句
1、同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise，thought, question, reply, report, remark等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。
e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
2、that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
在同位语从句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分，作宾语时可以省略
We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school.
We are interested in the news that he told us.
3、when, where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
在定语从句中，when, where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系
They have no idea at all where he has gone.(同位语从句)
Go and get your coat. It’s in the place where you left it.(定语从句)
4、引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
（1）关联词多用从属连词that。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come 你在哪儿听说我不能来？
（2）同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
注意：There is no doubt that he will come.
There is doubt whether he will come.
There is no possibility that….
（3）连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。

名词性从句重点与难点
一、that从句作主语和宾语时，常用it作形式主语，将从句放在句末
e.g. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.
She has seen to it that all the children are well taken care of.
二、that引导名词性从句的省略情况
1、that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，不能省略。
e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
2、that引导宾语从句时一般可省略，但在以下几种情况中不能省略。
1）当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时不能省略；
2）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时不能省略；
3）当that作介词宾语时不能省略。
e.g. He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wine 
Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. 
The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. 
三、名词性从句中的语序
名词性从句中一律使用陈序语气。
e.g. He asked how much I paid for the violin.
四、名词性从句中的时态呼应
在名词性从句中，谓语动词的时态要与主句谓语动词的时态相一致。
e.g. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when you will come and see him.
He kept looking at her, wondering whether he had seen her somewhere.
Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring
五、名词性从句中虚拟语气的使用情况
1、在表示“命令、建议、坚持、要求”的名词性从句中，要用“should+动词原形”形式，should可以省略。
e.g. I made a suggestion that he (should) go there at once.
I suggested that he (should) go there at once.
The suggestion was that he (should) go there at once.
2、wish引导的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，分与现在、过去、将来相反三种情况。
e.g. I wish I were ten years younger.
I wish you had posted the letter yesterday.
I wish I would try again.
3、在句型“It + is/was + adj.+主语从句”中，如果形容词是important, strange, natural, necessary等，从句谓语部分要用“should+动词原形”形式，should可以省略。
e.g. It’s strange that he (should) think so.
It is necessary that he (should) go there at once.
六、引导同位语从句与定语从句的that的区别 
同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，不充当任何句子成分且不能省略，同位语从句一般放在有具体含义的名词后，用以解释名词的含义或内容；而定语从句中的关系代词that在从句中充当主语或宾语，在充当宾语时常可省略，定语从句是对先行词的限定和修饰。
e.g. They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
The hope she expressed is that they would come to visit China again.
七、引导名词性从句的that和what的区别
that 引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义，只起连接作用, 且在宾语从句中有时可省略；而what引导名词性从句时，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
e.g. That he said so made us angry .
What he said at the meeting made us angry.
China is no longer what it used to be.
八、疑问词 + ever和no matter + 疑问词的区别
1、疑问词 + ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句。
e.g. Whoever breaks the rule must be punished. 
Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished.
2、no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。
e.g. No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished. 
No matter what you do, you must do it well. 
注意：who与 whoever的区别
who是“谁”的意思，表示具有疑问，who相当于anyone who“无论谁”
He gave whoever came to the door a smile. = He gave any person who came to the door a smile.
比较：He asked me who broke the glass.（正确） 他问我是谁打的玻璃。
He asked me whoever broke the glass.（错误）
Whoever goes against law shall be punished.（正确） 违法的人将受罚。
Who goes against law shall be punished.（错误）
九、注意区分it 作形式主语的主语从句与强调句
强调句句型It is/was+被强调部分+that, 去掉It is/was, that，句子仍然成立。
It is natural that they should have different views. 主语从句
It is only lately that he had had a family himself. 强调句
What was it that he wanted I don’t know what it was that he wanted.
It was in the hotel where he stayed that we discussed the serious problem
十、比较：whether与if
均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1、whether引导主语从句并在句首
Whether he left (or not) is unknown
2、引导表语从句
The question is whether they will be able to help us.
3、whether从句作介词宾语
It depends on whether we have enough time.
4、从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come or notis not clear.
5、不定式之前
She can't decide whether to buy the house or wait.
她不能决定到底是应该买下这个房子还是再等等。
6、同位语从句中
There is doubt whether he will come.
7、宾语从句前移
Whether she will win the game, I’m not sure.

高考英语陷阱题总结归纳——名词性从句
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
    1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
    A. that                     B. what
    C. that that                D. what what
    【陷阱】可能误选B.许多同学一看选项首先就排除了C和D，认为这样两个“引导词”叠用的情况不太可能。在A和B两个选项中，选项A肯定不行，因为它引导宾语从句时不能充当句子成分，所以便选择了B.
    【分析】正确答案选 D.第一个what 用作动词 meant 的宾语，第二个what 用作动词 said 的宾语，即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中，none of us understood 为主句，what what he said meant 为宾语从句，而在此宾语从句中又包括有 what he said 这样一个主语从句。
    2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
    A. which                   B. how
    C. what                    D. having
    【陷阱】可能误选A.
    【分析】最佳答案选 C.有的同学误选A，是因为认为介词后应接关系代词 which，但实际上，若填关系代词，其前没有先行词，这根据不是一个定语从句。另外，由于 had happened 缺主语，所以B和D也不能选。请再做下面一题（答案选B）：
    He pointed to ______ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghost.”
    A. that                   B. what
    C. which                  D. as
3.“Is ______ you want to say？” asked the teacher.
    A. this                   B. that
    C. all that               D. that all
    【陷阱】根据中文字面意思误选A或B.
    【分析】最佳答案选 D.假若选A或B，则转换成陈述句即为：This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 显然句中的两个谓语动词 is与want相冲突。选D组成的句子是 Is that all you want to say？其中的that 为句子主语，all 为表语，you want to say 为定语从句，用以修饰all.
    4. “When ______ leave for Japan？” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
    A. they will, will they         B. will they, they will
    C. they will, they will         D. will they, will they
    【陷阱】可能误选D，认为 when 后应用疑问句词序。
    【分析】最佳答案选 B.第一个when引出的是一个特殊疑问句，故用疑问词序；第二个 when 引出的是主语从句，故其后用陈述句词序。请做以下试题（答案选C）：
    （1） None knows if _______ that boy, but if _______ him, her parents will be disappointed.
    A. she will marry, she will marry         B. she marries, she marries
    C. she will marry, she marries            D. she marries, she will marry
    （2） “Where _______ go to work？” “Where _______ go to work is not known.”
    A. we shall, we shall                    B. shall we, shall we
    C. shall we, we shall                    D. we shall, shall we
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
    A. who is he              B. who he is
    C. who is it              D. who it is
    【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
    【分析】此题最佳答案为D.首先可以排除A和C，因为空格处实为一个宾语从句，所以不能用疑问句词序。另一方面，但按英语习惯，当用于指代身份不明的人时，要用代词it，而不用 he 或she等。比较以下两句：
    Mr Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在门口，他想见你。
    Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有个人在门口，可能是邮递员。
    第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith，所以后面用代词 he；而第二句因前面用的是不定代词 someone，说明此人身份尚不明确，故其后用了代词 it 来指代。
    6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves？
    A. who                   B. which
    C. that                  D. what
    【陷阱】此题容易误选 A或B：选 A 的同学认为这是指人的，故用who；选B的同学认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句（注意没有先行词）。
    【分析】其实答案应选C.that引导的是一个宾语从句，用作动词 know 的宾语，它只是被句中的插入语 my dear friend 隔开罢了。请做以下试题（答案均为C）：
    （1） Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _______ your girl-friend is a cheat.
    A. who                  B. which
    C. that                 D. what
    （2） I think, though I could be mistaken, ______ she liked me.
    A. who                  B. which
    C. that                 D. what
    （3） He told me the news, believe it or not, ______ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
    A. that                 B. which
    C. as                   D. because
前面两题 that 引导宾语从句，后面一题 that同位语从句（修饰the news）。

对应练习答案：1.B 2.D 3.CBA 6-10.BACAB 11-15.ABC
Keys: 1.Whether/if 2. whether 3.whether 4.whether 5. whether 6. If
精选习题答案和解析：
1. [解析] C she told me是插入语，可删除。what引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语。
2. [解析] C create后为宾语从句，从句中they hope是插入语，可删除，因为从句中缺少主语，所以用what引导该从句。
3. [解析] C was后为表语从句，when与the last time相呼应，根据句意可排除其他选项。
4. [解析] A 介词about后为宾语从句，从句中动词do与think缺少宾语，所以用what引导该从句；which“哪一个”、whom“谁”与句意不符，可排除；that引导宾语从句时不充当成分，也可排