汽车【经典外文翻译】(英文+译文)-毕业论文.doc

汽车能源As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil - and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles. Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the car will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.随着世界能源危机的持续，以及战争和能源-石油的消耗及汽车饱有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，终有一天它会消失的无影无踪。石油不是在生资源。所以必须在石油耗净之前找到一种代替品。随着科技的发展社会的进步，有人发明了电动汽车。电动汽车将成为人们最为理想的交通工具。 世界在发展各各方面都取得丰硕成果，尤其是随着汽车电子技术和计算机以及发展迅速的信息时代。电子控制技术在汽车上得到了广泛应用，汽车上应用的电子装置越来越丰富，电子技术不仅用来改善和提高传统汽车电器的质量和性能，而且还提高了汽车的动力性、燃油经济性、可靠性以及废气排放的净化性。汽车上广泛使用电子产品不仅降低了成本，并且减少维护的复杂性。从发动机的燃油喷射点火装置、进气控制、废气排放控制、故障自诊断到车身辅助装置都普遍采用了电子控制技术，可以说今后汽车发展主要以机电一体化。汽车上广泛采用的电子控制点火系统主要有电子控制燃油喷射系统、电子控制点火系统、电子控制自动变速器、电子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系统、电子控制悬架系统、电子控制动力转向系统、车辆动力学控制系统、安全气囊系统、主动安全带系统、电子控制自动空调系统、导航系统还有GPS等。有了这些系统汽车响应敏捷，使用功能强，可靠性高，既保证发动机动力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又满足排放法规的标准。 汽车是现代人必不可少的交通工具。而电动汽车给我们带来无限乐趣外还能给我们劳累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自动变速器来说吧，汽车在行驶时，可以不踩离合器踏板，就可以实现自动换档而发动机不会熄火，这样有效的提高驾驶方便性减轻驾驶员的疲劳强度。自动变速器主要由液力变矩器、齿轮变速器、油泵、液压控制系统、电子控制系统、油冷却系统等组成。电子控制的悬架主要是用来缓冲路面对车身的冲击力以及减少振动保证汽车平顺性和操纵稳定性。当汽车行驶在不平坦的道路时汽车能能根据底盘和路面高度自动调整。当车高比设置的高度低时，就向气室或油缸充气或充油。如果是相反，就放气或泻油。从而保证汽车的水平行驶，提高行驶稳定性。可变力动力转向系统因能显著改变驾驶员的工作效率和状态，所以在电动汽车上广泛使用。VDC对汽车性能有着至关重要的作用它能根据需要主动对车轮进行制动来改变汽车的运动状态，使汽车达到最佳的行驶状态和操纵性能，并增加了汽车的附着性，控制性和稳定性。除了这些之外4WS、4WD的出现大大提高了电动汽车的价值与性能同步提升。ABS具有减少制动距离并能保持转向操作能力有效提高行驶方向的稳定性同时减少轮胎的磨损。安全气囊的出现在很大程序上保护了驾驶员和乘客的安全，大大降低汽车在碰撞时对驾驶员和乘客的缓冲，以过到保护生命安全的目的。 智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。 随着计算机和电子产品不断开级换代，电动汽车技术也在日趋成熟与完善，使得驾驶更安全、方便、灵活、舒适。现在，电动汽车离普通消费者的距离还很遥远，只有少数人在赶赶时髦而已。电动汽车真正能够与传统的燃油汽车相竞争，今后汽车市场终会被电动汽车和智能汽车所取代。这只是时间性的问题这一天终究会来到的。ABS、GPS、4WS、4WD以及各种新时代的电子产品与现代高性能汽车默契组合、绝妙搭配，带给我们无与伦比的精准驾驶舒适性和行驶安全性。摘 要：本文阐述了发展压缩天然气汽车(CNG)的环保低污染性、安全性、经济性及CNG汽车和加气站的发展前景及对策。关键词：压缩天然气汽车；加气站；发展前景；对策 目前，我国一些大城市的汽车尾气排放是城市大气污染的主要源头，因此，发展清洁能源汽车已成为刻不容缓的的选择。压缩天然气汽车(CNG)以其能耗低、污染物排放量小而受到各国的欢迎，是国际公认的最理想的车用替代能源。发展天然气汽车对于解决环境问题和能源问题都具有重要意义。一、天然气汽车的发展情况 l、国外天然气汽车发展概况 为保护环境减少污染，许多国家政府颁布了一系列法规及出台一些鼓励性政策，促进燃气汽车发展，如制定更严格的汽车尾气排放标准，在天然气供应、汽车购置税费，设备供给、加气站建设等方面给予资金、税收优惠政策。 美国联邦政府1992年颁布的能源政策法，对于购买或改装代用燃料汽车及加气站的建设减免税作出详细规定，同时还颁布了使用天然气的减税政策，并免征天然气公司的汽车燃料销售税。有40多个州根据联邦政府的政策、法律，制定了本州有关强制和鼓励使用CNG等清洁燃料汽车的政策和措施，推动了CNG汽车发展和加气站建设。目前，全世界已有40多个国家拥有燃气汽车，主要分布在天然气资源丰富的意大利、新西兰、阿根廷、巴西等国家和环保法规严格的美国、日本等国。 2、我国天然气汽车发展概况 20世纪80年代中期，我国引进了部分CNG加气站设备，在四川建立了我国第一个CNG加气站；1993年中国石油天然气总公司系统引进国外有关技术并于 1996年将加气站装置和汽车改装部件引进技术国产化、技术标准规范化。1999年全国清洁汽车行动协调领导小组成立，启动了北京、天津、上海、西安、深圳等12个试点城市地区的清洁能源推广应用工作，在CNG汽车的推广应用和加气站建设方面取得了前所未有的成效。根据有关部门统计数字，截止到2004年我国一些地区共有天然气汽车20多万辆，加气站700多座。二、天然气汽车(CNG)与其它燃料的环境、经济效益比较 压缩天然气汽车：天然气压缩至20MPa于汽车用压缩天然气钢瓶中，经减压器后供给内燃机。以CNG作汽车燃料与汽油相比具有以下优点： l、降低污染，改善大气环境：天然气是一种清洁能源，具有热值高、效率高、污染小等特点，燃烧比较完全，不易积碳，CO、NOx和微粒的排放量均低于汽油，排气污染明显降低。机动车尾气是城市大气污染主要来源之一，其中主要有害成分是一氧化碳(C0)、碳氢化合物(HC)、一氧化氮(N0)和二氧化氮 (NO2)等。据有关资料显示，使用天然气作为汽车燃料与汽油作燃料相比可以减少排放90CO、90S02、72HC、39NOx、 24CO2、无粉尘排放，对改善城市环境有显著作用。典型的柴油机与汽油机及天然气机排放情况比较见表l。2、CNG汽车有较高的安全性与汽油相比，压缩天然气是相对安全的燃料。 (1) 天然气爆炸下限为5，比汽油(爆炸下限为l)高，甲烷燃点为645 ，比汽油燃点高218，相比不易点燃。甲烷密度低，相对密度为055左右，泄漏的气体很快会在空气中散发，在自然环境中难以形成遇火爆燃的条件，一旦压缩天然气从储罐或管路中泄漏，泄漏点周围会立即形成低温区，使天然气燃烧困难。因此CNG是一种相当安全的汽车燃料。天然气与汽油的燃料特性比较见表2(2)天然气汽车的钢瓶系高压容器(20MPa)，其材质及制造、检验试验在各国均有严格的规程控制，在我国有汽车用压缩天然气钢瓶标准)(GBl72581998)。钢瓶安装有防爆设施，减压器、阀门等设备，严密度标准高，供气系统安全可靠，不会因汽车碰撞或翻覆造成失火或爆炸，而汽油汽车的油箱系非压力容器，着火后容易爆炸。3、有利于缓解能源紧张的供需矛盾。我国经济正处于高速发展阶段，汽车数量以100万辆年以上的速度递增，对汽油资源需求大量增加，我国每年需要进口大量原油、成品油和LPG。使用燃气汽车可优化汽车燃料供应结构，改变了汽车燃料只有汽油、柴油的格局，既缓解了汽油供应紧张的问题又满足交通事业发展的需要。4、可延长发动机寿命。天然气容易扩散，以气态进入发动机，在发动机中容易和空气均匀混合，燃烧比较完全、干净；可以提高热循环效率，加快燃烧速度，充分利用燃烧热能；同时CNG辛烷值高，抗暴性能好，使用时不需要添加抗暴剂，不会稀释润滑油，因而使发动机气缸内的零件磨损大大减少，使发动机的寿命和润滑油的使用期限大幅度增长。所有这些都会降低汽车的保养和运行费用，从而提高汽车使用的经济性。 5、有较高的经济效益。目前，国内汽油价格持续上升，价格体系已和世界接轨，使用CNG汽车将能节省近40燃料费用，见表3。三、CNG汽车的发展前景CNG汽车和加气站具有广阔的发展前景，主要表现在以下几方面： l、汽车保有量的飞速增长、石油资源和环保的严峻形势，决定了发展天然气汽车成为解决能源问题和环境问题的重要途径。 2、“十一五”期间，新型清洁能源汽车已被列入国家科技发展中长期规划，国家将继续组织实施涉及各种清洁能源汽车的重大科技项目，重点支持包括天然气汽车在内的整车、零部件等关键技术，将进一步促进天然气汽车的发展。 3、我国天然气资源大规模开发及管道建设步伐加快使发展CNG和加气站成为可能。根据我国天然气利用规划，近十年“西气东输”、“陕京二线”等一大批输气管道及沿线城市燃气管道相继建成，我国大规模利用天然气的基础设施逐步完善，天然气加气站也将逐步形成网络。4、发展CNG汽车具有稳定的气源保证，以天津为例，目前天津市已建立了完善的天然气输配系统，由陕北、大港、华北等油田向天津供气，2005年年供气量近6 亿m3，2006年预计达8亿m3，管网长度6894km，其中，高压管线591km，为“十一五”期间天津市大力发展CNG汽车大规模建设加气站提供了保证。四、CNG汽车和加气站发展对策探讨为加快以天然气为燃料的清洁汽车的发展，提出以下建议： 1、政府出台鼓励和扶持政策：世界各国发展经验表明，政府的支持是加快发展的必要条件，其经济政策是影响其发展的重要因素，应在法律方面予以保障，在燃气汽车生产、改装、零部件生产，加气站建设，燃气汽车购买和使用、维修等环节制定价格、税收、投资、补贴等方面配套的优惠政策。燃气价格是影响燃气汽车发展的重要因素，只有燃气价格与汽油价格形成足够大差价时，燃气汽车的发展才具有经济基础和推动力。2、加强领导，实行统一管理。发展CNG汽车必须建设优质、便利的加气站，需要规划、公安、消防、劳动、技监等部门的支持。3、在市政规划中，加气站与加油站应统筹考虑，合理布局，协调发展。尽量利用现有土地资源，在确保环境安全的前提下建设油气合一站。4、遵循CNG汽车与加气站同步发展的原则，只有在加气站成网的条件下，CNG汽车才能真正发展。同时也只有CNG汽车规模到了一定数量，加气站才能正常运转，实现盈利。 5、严格法律制度：制定严格的汽车尾气排放法规，切实做到不达标车辆坚决不予以上路，对CNG汽车改装厂的资格进行严格审查，认证。首先应将城市城市公交车、出租汽车作为CNG汽车发展的重点，杜绝部分公交车冒黑烟污染环境的现象。 6、加大宣传力度。目前，天然气汽车尚处于起步阶段，社会公众对它的环保性，安全性，经济性，可靠性还不充分了解，所以，要进行广泛的社会宣传，努力提高人们对汽车尾气危害性的认识，使人们了解CNG是清洁、安全、经济的车用燃料，使发展天然气汽车得到社会各方面的认可和支持。压缩天然气汽车由于其显著的经济效益和社会效益将成为天然气市场开发应用的一个新领域。在环境保护越来越受到重视的形势下，随着天然气资源的开发和应用领域的拓宽，此举将是减轻环境污染压力、缓解石油紧缺，实现可持续发展的可靠保证。 Abstract: This paper describes the development of compressed natural gas vehicles (CNG) on environmental protection of low-pollution, security, economic and CNG cars and filling stations and prospects for the development of countermeasures.Key words: compressed natural gas vehicles; stations; development prospects; Countermeasures At present, Chinas major cities is a urban vehicle emissions a major source of air pollution, therefore, the development of clean energy vehicles have become the choice of the delay. Compressed natural gas vehicles (CNG) in their low energy consumption and emissions by all countries small and welcoming, is recognized internationally as the best alternative energy vehicle. The development of natural gas vehicle to address the environmental issues and energy issues are of great significance.First, the development of natural gas vehicle l, development of foreign natural gas vehicle Reduce pollution to protect the environment, many countries have issued a series of government regulations and the introduction of a number of incentive policies to promote the development of gas vehicle, such as the development of more stringent vehicle emission standards, in the natural gas supply, car purchase taxes and fees, equipment supply, gas station construction grant funds, tax incentives. In 1992 the U.S. federal government enacted the Energy Policy Act, or modified for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles and the construction of stations in detail the provisions of the tax relief, but also enacted a tax cut that the use of natural gas and natural gas companies exempt from motor vehicle fuel sales tax. There are more than 40 states in accordance with the policy of the federal government, law, drawn up on the mandatory state and encourage the use of clean fuel CNG vehicles, such as policies and measures to promote the CNG filling station development and construction of motor vehicles. At present, more than 40 countries around the world have a gas car, mainly in the rich natural gas resources in Italy, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil and other countries and stricter environmental regulations the United States, Japan and other countries. 2, Chinas Natural Gas Vehicle Development 80 In the mid-20th century, the introduction of some of our CNG filling station equipment, set up in Sichuans first CNG filling stations in China; in 1993 the China National Petroleum Corporation on the introduction of foreign technology systems in 1996 installations and will be filling stations modified car parts made of the introduction of technology, standardization of technical standards. 1999 National Clean Automobile Action Coordination Leading Group was established to start the Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Xian, Shenzhen and other cities in 12 pilot areas to promote the application of clean energy in the popularization and application of CNG vehicles and filling stations has made an unprecedented building results. According to relevant statistics, as of 2004 there were some areas of Chinas natural gas vehicle more than 20 million vehicles, more than 700 filling stations Block.Second, natural gas vehicle (CNG) fuel and other environmental and economic benefits compared Compressed natural gas vehicles:20MPa compressed natural gas in the car to compressed natural gas cylinders in use by the supply of internal combustion engine after the pressure reducer.To CNG fuel for vehicles compared with gasoline has the following advantages: l, reduce pollution and improve the atmospheric environment: natural gas is a clean energy, with a high calorific value, high efficiency, pollution, etc., the comparison is totally burned, not carbon deposition, CO, NOx and particulate emissions than gasoline, significantly reduced exhaust pollution. Motor vehicle exhaust is the major source of urban air pollution, one of which is carbon monoxide harmful ingredients (C0), hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (N0) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and so on. According to the data, the use of gas as a motor fue