英语重点语法讲习市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件.pptx

英语重点语法讲习英语重点语法讲习专升本专项专升本专项第1页第1页虚拟语调虚拟语调1）概念 虚拟语调用来表示说话人主观愿望或假想，所说是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。2）在条件句中应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示是假设或实际也许性不大情况，故采用虚拟语调。第2页第2页真实条件句真实条件句真实条件句用于陈说语调，假设情况也许发生，其中 if 是假如意思。时态关系句型：条件从句 主句 普通现在时 shall/will+动词原形If he comes,he will bring his violin.典型例题The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A.will rain B.rains C.rained D.is rained答案B。真实条件句主句为未来时，从句用普通现在时。第3页第3页注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示未来，该用shall,will.(错)If you leave now,you are never going to regret it.(对)If you leave now,you will never regret it.2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用普通现在时动词形式。第4页第4页非真实条件句非真实条件句1）时态：能够表示过去，现在和未来情况。它基本特点是时态退后。a.同现在事实相反假设。句型：条件从句主句 普通过去时should(would)+动词原形 If they were here,they would help you.b.表示于过去事实相反假设。句型：条件从句 主句过去完毕时 should(would)have+过去分词第5页第5页If she had worked harder,she would have succeeded.The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.If my lawyer had been here last Saturday,he would have prevented me from going.第6页第6页c.表示对未来假想句型：条件从句 主句 普通过去时 should+动词原形 were+不定式 would+动词原形 should+动词原形If you succeeded,everything would be all right.If you should succeed,everything would be all right.If you were to succeed,everything would be all right.第7页第7页混合条件句混合条件句主句与从句动作发生在不同时间，这时主，从句谓语动词虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。If you had asked him yesterday,you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If it had rained last night(过去),it would be very cold today(现在).第8页第8页虚拟条件句倒装虚拟条件句倒装虚拟条件句从句部分假如含有were,should,或had,可将if省略，再把were,should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。第9页第9页 Were they here now,they could help us.=If they were here now,they could help us.Had you come earlier,you would have met him=If you had come earlier,you would have met him.Should it rain,the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain,the crops would be saved.第10页第10页注意：在虚拟语调从句中，动词be过去时态一律用were，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。If I were you,I would go to look for him.假如我是你，就会去找他。If he were here,everything would be all right.假如他在这儿，一切都会好。第11页第11页典型例题_ to do the work,I should do it some other day.A.If were I B.I wereC.Were ID.Was I 答案C.在虚拟条件状语中假如有were,should,had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前,变成 were,should,had+主语形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词倒装形式句首不能用动词缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do.,而不能说 Werent I to do.第12页第12页特殊虚拟语调词：特殊虚拟语调词：should1）It is demanded/necessary/a pity+that结构中主语从句谓语动词要用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。句型：(1)suggestedIt is (2)importantthat+(should)do(3)a pity第13页第13页(1)suggested,ordered,proposed,required,demanded,requested,insisted；+(should)do(2)important,necessary,natural,strangea pity,a shame,no wonder(3)It is suggested that we(should)hold a meeting next week.第14页第14页2）在宾语从句中应用在表示命令、提议、要求等一类动词后面从句中。order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,insist+(should)do I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.He insisted that he(should)be sent there.第15页第15页注意：如suggest,insist不表示提议 或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈说语调。The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错:（错）You pale face suggests that you(should)be ill.(对)Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(错)I insisted that you(should)be wrong.(对)I insisted that you were wrong.第16页第16页3）在表语从句，同位语从句中应用在suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名词后面表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语调，即（should）+动词原形。My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.第17页第17页wish使用办法使用办法1）用于wish后面从句，表示与事实相反情况，或表示未来不太也许实现愿望。其宾语从句动词形式为：真实情况wish后 从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时（be过去式为 were）从句动作与主句动作同时发生过去时过去完毕时（had+过去分词）未来不大也许实现愿望未来时would/could+动词原形第18页第18页 I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你同样高。He wished he hadnt said that.他希望他没讲那样话。I wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。第19页第19页2）Wish to do表示法。Wish sb/sth to do I wish to see the manager.=I want to see the manager.I wish the manager to be informed at once.(=I want the manager to be informed at once.)第20页第20页比较比较if only与与only ifonly if表示“只有”；if only则表示“假如就好了”。If only也可用于陈说语调。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响了我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.当初闹钟响了就好了。If only he comes early.希望他早点回来。第21页第21页It is(high)time that It is(high)time that 后面从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。It is time that the children went to bed.It is high time that the children should go to bed.第22页第22页need 不必做不必做和和本不该做本不该做didnt need to do表示：过去不必做某事,事实上也没做。neednt have done表示：过去不必做某事,但事实上做了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary,so she didnt need to walk back home.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，因此她不必步行回家了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary,so she neednt have walked back home.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，因此她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家，没有遇上John车。)第23页第23页典型例题There was plenty of time.She _.A.mustnt have hurried B.couldnt have hurried C.must not hurry D.neednt have hurried 答案D。neednt have done.意为本不必，即已经做了某事，而时事实上不必要。Mustnt have done 使用办法不正确，对过去发生事情进行否认性推断应为couldnt have done,不也许已经。must not do 不能够（用于普通现在时）。第24页第24页主谓一致主谓一致主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上单复数要与谓语单复数形式一致。3）就近原则，即谓语动词单复形式取决于最靠近它词语第25页第25页并列结构作主语时谓语用复数并列结构作主语时谓语用复数Reading and writing are very important.注意：当主语由and连结时，假如它表示一个单一概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.第26页第26页普通来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.第27页第27页典型例题The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.isB.was C.are D.were答案B.注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，由于The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细区别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，因此应选B。第28页第28页主谓一致中靠近原则主谓一致中靠近原则1）当there be 句型主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近主语保持一致。There is a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.第29页第29页2）当either or 与neither nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近主语保持一致。假如句子是由here,there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近主语一致。Either you or she is to go.Here is a pen,a few envelops and some paper for you.第30页第30页谓语动词与前面主语一致谓语动词与前面主语一致当主语后面跟有with,together with,like,except,but,no less than,as well as 等词引起短语时，谓语动词与前面主语一致。The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.He as well as I wants to go boating.第31页第31页谓语需用单数谓语需用单数1）代词each和由every,some,no,any等构成复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each,every,谓语需用单数。Each of us has a tape-recorder.There is something wrong with my watch.2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词惯用单数。The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.是英语兴趣者熟悉一本好书。第32页第32页3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语普通用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.Ten yuan is enough.第33页第33页指代意义决定谓语单复数指代意义决定谓语单复数1）在代词what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all等词单复数由其指代词单复数决定。All is right.(一切顺利。)All are present.(所有些人都到齐了。)第34页第34页2）集体名词作主语时，谓语数要依据主语意思来决定。如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中各个组员，用单数时表示该个集体。His family isnt very large.他家不是一个大家庭。His family are music lovers.他家人都是音乐兴趣者。但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。Are there any police around?第35页第35页3）有些名词，如variety,number,population,proportion,majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。A number of+名词复数+复数动词。The number of+名词复数+单数动词。A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.第36页第36页与后接名词或代词保持一致与后接名词或代词保持一致1）用half of,part of,most of,a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面名词，代词保持一致。Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.第37页第37页2）在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than of 作主语时，动词应与其后名词或代词保持一致。Many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多学生都来自这个都市。第38页第38页倒装倒装第39页第39页倒装句之所有倒装所有倒装是只将句子中谓语动词所有置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与普通现在时和普通过去时。常见结构有：1)here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词惯用be,come,go,lie,run。There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.第40页第40页2)表示运动方向副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动动词。Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述所有倒装句型结构主语必须是名词，假如主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。Here he comes.Away they went.第41页第41页倒装句之部分倒装倒装句之部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。假如句中谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。第42页第42页1)句首为否认或半否认词语，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,at no time,in no way,not until 等。Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。第43页第43页注意：如否认词不在句首不倒装。I have never seen such a performance.The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.第44页第44页典型例题 1)Why cant I smoke here?At no time_ in the meeting-roomA.is smoking permitted B.smoking is permittedC.smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否认词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中主谓须用倒装结构。这些否认词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until等。本题正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.第45页第45页2）Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is.A.man did know B.man know C.didnt man know D.did man know答案D.看到Not until句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否认了,不然意思就变了。第46页第46页以否认词开头作部分倒装以否认词开头作部分倒装如 Not onlybut also,Hardly/Scarcelywhen,No sooner than Not only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.第47页第47页典型例题No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A.the game began B.has the game begunC.did the game begin D.had the game begun答案D.以含有否认意义副词放在句首时，普通采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否认意义词有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及not onlybut(also),no soonerthan,hardly when scarcely when等等。第48页第48页注意：只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。假如置于句首Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。Not only you but also I am fond of music.第49页第49页so,neither,nor作部分倒装作部分倒装表示也、也不 句子要部分倒装。Tom can speak French.So can Jack.If you wont go,neither will I.第50页第50页典型例题-Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?-I dont know,_.A.nor dont I care B.nor do I careC.I dont care neitherD.I dont care also答案：B.nor为增补意思也不关怀，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 dont 再次否认，C neither 使用办法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。第51页第51页注意：当so引出句子用以对上文内容加以证实或必定期，不可用倒装结构。意为确实如此。Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.-Its raining hard.-So it is.第52页第52页only在句首要倒装情况在句首要倒装情况 Only in this way,can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.假如句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill,does he ever stay in bed.第53页第53页as,though 引导倒装句引导倒装句 as/though引导让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前）。注意：1)句首名词不能带任何冠词。2)句首是实义动词,其它助动词放在主语后。假如实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.第54页第54页注意:让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。第55页第55页其它部分倒装其它部分倒装1)so that 句型中so 位于句首时，需倒装。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2)在一些表示祝愿句型中：May you all be happy.3)在虚拟语调条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if 省略，把 were,had,should 移到主语之前，采用部分倒装。Were I you,I would try it again.第56页第56页典型例题：1）Not until the early years of the 19th century_ what heat isA.man did know B.man knew C.didnt man know D.did man know答案为D.否认词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装句子结构。2）Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A.didnt I realizeB.did I realize C.I didnt realize D.I realize答案为B。第57页第57页3)Do you know Tom bought a new car?I dont know,_.A.nor dont I care B.nor do I care C.I dont care neitherD.I dont care also解析：答案为B.句中nor引出部分倒装结构，表示也不。由 so,neither,nor引导倒装句，表示前一情况重复出现。其中,so用于必定句,而 neither,nor 用在否认句中。第58页第58页代词代词第59页第59页every,no,all,both,neither,nor1）不定代词有all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no 以及some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,none,everybody,everyone.等。第60页第60页2）不定代词功效与使用办法 a.除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。I have no idea about it.第61页第61页b.all 都，指三者以上。all 主谓一致：all单复数由它所修饰或指代名词单复数决定。All goes well.一切进展得较好。all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。但all可与表时间可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year；但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。all还能够与一些特殊单数名词连用，如 all China，all the city，all my life，all the way第62页第62页3)both都，指两者。a.both 与复数动词连用，但 both and可与单数名词连用。b.both,all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前，be 动词之后。假如助动词或情态动词后面实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。Who can speak Japanese?We both(all)can.第63页第63页4)neither两者都不 a.neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。b.作定语与单数名词连用，但neither nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。c.可用于下列句型，避免重复。She cant sing，neither(can)he.第64页第64页 neither 与nor d.如前句是否认式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。If you dont do it，neither should I.假如你不干，我也不干。e.如后连续有几种否认句式，则用nor，不用neither。He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.第65页第65页none,few,some,any,one,ones一、none 无 1)none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。在答语中，none可单独使用。Are there any pictures on the wall?None.2)none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。It is none of your business.第66页第66页二、few 一些，少数 few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于必定句。第67页第67页(1)在必定疑问句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其它句式中:a.必定疑问句中：说话人认为对方答案会是必定，或盼望得到必定回答时。Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或提议，如：Would you like some coffee?b.在条件状语从句中表示拟定意义时，如：If you need some help，let me know.第68页第68页三、some 一些 1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当做某一解时，也可与单数名词连用。（=a certain）You will be sorry for this some day.总有一天，你会后悔这件事。A certain(some)person has seen you break the rule.一些人不同意你看法。第69页第69页c.some位于主语部分,Some students havent been there before.d.当否认是整体中部分时，some可用于否认句。如：I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友信。第70页第70页四、any 一些 1)any 多用于否认句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。当句中含有任何意思时，any可用于必定句。Here are three novels.You may read any.这有三本小说，你可任读一本。第71页第71页one,ones 为复数形式 ones必须和形容词连用。假如替换名词时无形容词在前，则用some,any，而不 用ones。Have you bought any rulers?Yes，I ve bought some.第72页第72页one/another/the otherone the other只有两个some the others 有三个以上one another，anothersome others，othersothers=other people/thingsthe others=the rest剩余所有第73页第73页1)泛指另一个用another。2)一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。3)一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one(another)，第三个可用the other，a third。4)一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余所有用the others。5)泛指别人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是所有时，也用others。第74页第74页few,little,a few,a little(a)few+可数名词,(a)little+不可数名词a few/a little 为必定含义，尚有一点few/little为否认含义，没有多少了。He has a few friends.他有几种朋友。He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little time.我们尚有点时间。There is little time left.几乎没剩余什么时间了。第75页第75页典型例题:Although he s wealthy，he spends_ on clothes.A.little B.fewC.a little D.a few 答案：A.spend所指是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little.本句为although引导让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否认含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。第76页第76页固定搭配:only a few(=few)not a few(=many)quite a few(=many)many a(=many)Many books were sold.Many a book was sold.卖出了许多书。第77页第77页动名词动名词第78页第78页动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V.+doing sthadmit 认可appreciate 感谢,赞赏avoid 避免 complete 完毕 consider 认为 delay 耽搁 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱 prevent制止fancy 想象finish 完毕 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回想 resent 讨厌resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险suggest 提议face 面对 include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续第79页第79页b.词组后接doing admit to prefertobe used to lead todevote oneself to object tostick to busylook forward to(to为介词）no good,no use,Its worth,as well as,cant help,Its no use/good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of/about hold offput off keep on insist oncount on/upon set about be successful in good attake upgive upburst outprevent from第80页第80页worth 使用办法使用办法worth，worthy，worth-