毕业设计论文-鞋类和玩具-反倾销的受害者【外文翻译】.doc

本科毕业论文外文翻译
外文题目： Shoes and Toys: Victims of Anti-Dumping
出 处： CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE, 2009, (12): 30-31
作 者： Guo Liqin
原文：
Shoes and Toys: Victims of Anti-Dumpling
Guo Liqin
The anti-dumping duties imposed on China have long been a subject of intense dispute. According to statistics released by the WTO, China is the country most frequently targeted by other countries for anti-dumping investigation against its exports.
Analyzed by Lehman Lee&Xu, the third largest corporate commercial law firm in China, foreign anti-dumping measures against Chinese goods has the following characteristics. The variety of Chinese goods brought under anti-dumping measures is increasing. Since the first anti-dumping case against Chinese exports, most Chinese goods under anti-dumping investigations go to labor-intensive products or easily processed products, involving textile products, clothing, light industry products, home electric appliances, hardware, chemical products, mineral products, medicine and agricultural products.
Many countries have filed anti-dumping lawsuits against China, such as Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, South Africa, Nigeria, South Africa, Nigeria, India, South Korea, New Zealand and Turkey. Some countries impose duties at a very high rate on Chinese exports. In 1993, Mexico launched large-scale anti-dumping investigations against Chinese exports, imposing temporary anti-dumping duties 315% percent on toys and 1,105% on footwear, the highest rate ever set.
More and more countries are also beginning to bring re-exports under the scope of anti-dumping investigations. This means that exports originally made in China and directly or indirectly exported through Hong Kong or other regions to the target country are also becoming their anti-dumping investigation targets as more countries are adopting the rule of the origin of products as being the target of anti-dumping suits.
Toys, pressure also from developing countries
India’s Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry said on June 14 a survey of 110 small-and medium-sized manufacturers found that about two-thirds had suffered a serious erosion of their Indian market share over the past year, because of cheaper Chinese products. In its statement, FICCI said the Chinese imports were between 10 and 70 percent cheaper than comparable Indian products, a price differential that it said was “huge and difficult to explain”. Amit Mitra, the FICCI’s secretary-general, said Indian industries were being hurt by “typical Chinese predatory pricing” intended to drive rivals out of business so that Chinese companies could capture the market–and then raise prices to more normal levels.
Indian manufacturers face serious competitive disadvantages in comparison with China, including poor infrastructure and rigid labor laws that perversely discourage companies from growing and instead promote inefficient fragmentation. China exported US$8.4 billion to India in the first four months this year, 13 percent decline compared with the last year, according to the data from China’s Ministry of Commerce. Meanwhile, statistics from India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry also show that its import from China still remain stable, taking up over one tenth of its total import, despite of the context of global economic crisis. In January, New Delhi announced a six-month ban on the import of Chinese toys, citing concerns about their safety, after Indian toymakers complained that such playthings had grabbed the lion’s share of the country’s US$2.5bn toy market. However, the ban was lifted after just two months, after Beijing threatened to take the issue to the WTO.
India’s small and medium enterprises have warned that they are suffering because of cheap imports from China. They are urging New Delhi to accelerate antidumping investigations and impose tougher safety and quality checks on Chinese products. The appeal for greater government protection came amid rising tensions between New Delhi and Beijing over trade, after a high-profile dispute over an Indian ban on Chinese made toys.
Not only India, increased protectionism in the US and the EU, where most of Guangdong’s toys have been exported, Russia, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina have for the time being introduced anti-dumping measures against toy imports from China, citing various excuses, according to Li Zhuoming, deputy chairman of the Guangdong Toy Association. Actually, starting from 2006, Chinese toy manufactures had felt the pinch from diverse-edged pressures. “We have worries every year. We worried about the short supply of workers last year and now we are concerned about the foreign market shrinking due to trade protectionism in many western countries,” Lin Ruorong, owner of a toy factory in the city of Zhongshan said. His factory manufactures stuffed toys for export to Europe and the United States. “The US’s toy imports from China have been decreasing over the past couple of years and the European Union has raised its market threshold for China’s toy products,” he said. “That means my business is hardly able to survive.” What was worse, Li said, was that the price rise of raw materials and the rise in workers’ wage would further narrow profit. There is consensus that tapping into domestic market and resort to innovation of the whole industry is the only way out. To China’s delight, many toy manufacturers in Shantou, Guangdong province have successfully upgraded their products and even thrive during the international financial crisis.
Footwear, price advantage encounters challenges
Chinese leather shoes are for long time the victim of EU anti-dumping sanctions, and the relevant barriers take place frequently. On October 7, 2006, the European Union on Chinese shoes anti-dumping sanctions on Chinese leather shoes originating in the introduction of the product for a period of 2 years of 16.5 percent antidumping duties, despite MOFCOM spokesman Chong Quan said that there was no dumping in export of Chinese shoes, and the exported shoes did not cause essential damage to EU industry. It is remarkably discrimination to refuse recognizing the economic status and legal basis of all Chinese enterprises who responded to the anti-dumping case and decided to implement “all others rate” to all involved enterprises. At the same time, Pakistan, Peru, Venezuela, Canada and other countries also have been on China’s footwear has taken anti-dumping measures.
Right now, Chinese shoes manufacturers are facing severe challenges to its traditional price advantage in the international market. The first is the rising costs squeezing corporate profits. During the year 2008, with the rising international oil prices, plastic raw materials prices also rose sharply. According to the plastic monthly report, from May 26 to May 30 week period in 2008, the prices of plastic raw materials market as a whole rose up to RMB 300-800 / ton. In addition, the continued appreciation of the yuan, the export tax rebate rate cut, as well as the new “Labor Contract Law” and other factors have started to make shoes enterprises gradually lost their cost advantage, increasing the pressure on survival. The second is the lack of independent brands and R&D, wholesale capacity, weak anti-risk capability. At present, the domestic shoe-making enterprises or most of the materials belongs to, or has been on behalf of Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea, Europe and the United States, and so did export orders from overseas customers, not their own brands and marketing, because shoe-making technology is not easy to copy. Once the costs of many customer orders had shifted to lower-cost Southeast Asia, companies go down the tubes. According to the Asia Footwear Association by the end of 2007 statistics, of more than 5,000 shoe-making enterprises in Guangdong, more than 1,000 were in the closure in 2007, when the industry didn’t fully feel the pinch of financial crisis.
Take Argentina as an example, it initiated anti-dumping investigation on footwear originating in or imported China. On February 26, 2009, the Argentine Ministry of Economy issued Resolution No. 42/2009, decision on the originating in or imported footwear from China initiated anti-dumping cases. If the survey confirmed the existence of dumping practices indeed, will imports from China of such products be imposed punitive anti-dumping duties. Argentina “national newspaper” reported that the investigation carried out from the beginning of last year. Argentina Footwear Association submitted their applications to the Government, accusing dumping phenomenon is prevailing in footwear products imported from China; the footwear industry in Argentina resulted in serious injury, it is necessary for the Government to launch an anti-dumping investigations. Cheap Chinese shoes give a competitive advantage; it is also regarded as the harm by these countries. EU anti-dumping at the renewal period, Russia and Canada, Argentina also took the opportunity to initiate anti-dumping investigations. Because of cheap Chinese footwear industry has become the “target”.
Active response to anti-dumping, only way out
Sun Ya, Deputy General Manager of Cixi Jiangnan Chemical Fiber Co. Ltd. In Ningbo City, South China’s Jiangsu province said, “In front of dumping investigations, we must but be more familiar with international rules. Giving up one market means to give up more.”
In the anti-dumping cases against Chinese polyester staple in 2007, only 34% of the enterprises involved entered an appearance. This means other the other enterprises have lost their USA market. “Entry or lose the market. Only if an enterprise has an awareness to protect its legal rights, can it keep its market.” This has become a common view of many enterprises of Ningbo. One in charge in Sanqin Chemical Fiber Company said that they have spent RMB 100,000 in the lawsuit. However, they have avoided a loss of RMB 2 million every year. This input-output ratio of 1:20 is really a profiting trade. Many enterprises that took a wait-and-see attitude now are taking active measures to improve their financial management system to prepare for possible anti-dumping investigations.

译文：
鞋类和玩具：反倾销的受害者

长期以来，反倾销税的征收在中国一直是一个争议激烈的话题。根据世界贸易组织公布的统计数据显示，中国已成为其出口货物遭受其他国家针对性的反倾销调查最频繁的国家。
根据全球的第三大企业Lehman Lee & Xu的商业律师事务所驻华机构分析，针对中国产品的国外反倾销的措施具有以下的特点。遭受反倾销措施的中国商品的品种越来越多。自从第一次针对中国出口货物反倾销的案件以来，大多数的中国商品遭受了反倾销调查，尤其是劳动密集型的产品或容易加工的产品，主要包括纺织品，服装，轻工业产品，家用电器，五金，化工产品，矿产品，医药和农产品。
许多国家都对中国提起反倾销诉讼，比如德国，法国，意大利，日本，墨西哥，阿根廷，委内瑞拉，南非，尼日利亚，南非，尼日利亚，印度，韩国，新西兰和土耳其。还有一些国家对中国的出口货物征收的税率非常高。在1993年，墨西哥对中国的出口货物发起了大规模地反倾销调查，对玩具征收了315％的临时反倾销税，对鞋类征收了1105％的临时反倾销税，这么高的税率还从来没有制定过。
越来越多的国家也开始把反倾的销调查范围扩大到了转口贸易上。这就意味着，原产于中国的出口货物，直接或间接出口到香港或其他地区或国家的货物也开始成为其他国家反倾销的调查对象，因为许多国家都利用原产地规则来提起反倾销诉讼。
玩具的压力也来自发展中国家
印度的工商联合会表示，在6月14日，一个对110个小型和中型制造商的调查显示，在过去的一年内，由于便宜的中国产品，约有三分之二的制造商在印度市场上的份额已经遭受了的严重地侵蚀。在它的声明之中，印度的工商联合会表示，有百分之10到百分之70的中国的进口货物比同类的印度产品更加便宜，而存在的这个价格差异被称之为“巨大而又难以解释”。印度的工商联合会的秘书长Amit Mitra表示说，印度的工业正在受着“典型的中国掠夺性定价”的伤害，它旨在迫使竞争对手退出商业交易，以便中国的公司先占领市场，接着再提高价格，最后恢复到正常的水平。
印度的制造商在与中国的制造商比较时，面临着比较严重的竞争劣势，包括落后的基础设施和硬性的劳动法，倒行逆施阻碍了公司的发展，替代促进效率低下也破灭了。跟据来自中国商务部的数据显示，在今年的前四个月中，中国出口到印度的货物总植为84亿美元，比去年同期下降了百分之十三。与此同时，来自印度的商业部门和工业部门的统计还显示，尽管在全球经济危机的背景下，来自中国的进口仍保持稳定，超过了印度进口总额的十分之一。在今年的一月份，新德里对外宣布，对中国的进口玩具实行为期六个月的禁令，理由是在印度的玩具制造商抱怨中国的出口玩具已经占领印度25亿美元的玩具市场份额之后，担心他们的安全。然而，在这项禁令被解除的仅仅两个月后，就向世界贸易组织提起了北京威胁论。
印度的中小型企业曾经警告说，他们遭受着来自中国的廉价进口商品带来的痛苦。他们敦促新德里政府加快对中国产品的反倾销调查，并且要求对中国的产品实施严格的安全检查和质量检查。在印度对中国制造的玩具的禁令的高调争端以及呼吁更多的政府保护后，新德里和北京之间的贸易关系更加紧张。
据广东省玩具协会副会长李卓明表示，不仅是印度，连以前广东省的玩具大多远销的美国和欧盟，也增强了贸易保护主义，俄罗斯，墨西哥，巴西和阿根廷以各种借口，已经采取暂时禁止从中国引入进口玩具的反倾销措施。事实上，从2006年开始，中国的玩具制造商已经感受到了来自不同边缘的压力。一个在中山市的玩具厂的老板林若荣表示说：“我们每年都会有顾虑。在去年的时候，我们担心工人的数量会供不应求，而现在，我们却担心由于贸易保护主义导致许多西方国家的市场的萎缩。”他的工厂生产的毛绒玩具主要出口到欧洲和美国。他说：“在过去的几年之中，美国从中国进口的玩具数量已经开始减少，欧盟也提高了其对中国的玩具产品进入市场的门槛，”他也说：“这意味着我的企业是很难能够生存的。”更糟糕的是，他说，原材料的价格上涨和工人的工资上升将会进一步地缩小利润空间。很多人都达成公识，认为想要进入国内市场，并且诉诸于整个行业的唯一的出路就是创新。让中国高兴的是，在广东省的汕头市，许多的玩具制造商已经成功地升级了他们的产品，甚至还能够在国际金融危机的背景下蓬勃发展。
鞋类遭遇价格优势挑战
在长期以来，中国的皮鞋一直都是欧盟反倾销制裁的受害者，以及相关的障碍也频繁发生。在2006年10月7日，欧盟对从中国引进的皮鞋实施反倾销的制裁，并且在2年期间内，征收了百分之16.5的反倾销税，尽管中国商务部的发言人崇泉表示说，中国出口的鞋类并没有进行倾销，而且出口的鞋类也没有对欧盟的工业造成实质性的损害。这是明显的歧视，欧盟拒绝承认中国经济地位和回应中国涉及反倾销案件企业的法律基础，并决定对所有涉及企业实施“所有其他税率”。与此同时，巴基斯坦，秘鲁，委内瑞拉，加拿大等国家也已对中国的鞋类采取反倾销措施。
目前，中国鞋类的制造商在国际市场上的传统的价格优势都面临着严峻的挑战。首先是成本的上升，压缩了企业的利润。在2008年这一年中，随着国际石油价格的不断上涨，塑料原材料的价格也随之大幅度地上涨。根据塑料月度报告显示，在2008年的5月26日到5月30日这段期间，作为一个整体的塑料原料市场，塑料原料的价格上升到每吨300到800元。此外，随着人民币的持续升值，中国对出口退税率的下调，以及新的“劳动合同法”和其他的因素的影响，涉及鞋类制造的企业已经逐渐地失去了他们原有的成本优势，增加了这类企业的生存压力。第二个是自主品牌的研究与开发的缺失，批发的能力的不足，以及比较弱的抗风险能力。目前，国内制造鞋类的大部分企业属于材料加工，主要是为了台湾，香港，韩国，欧洲和美国获得利益，而且他们没有来自海外客户出口订单，也没有他们自己的品牌和市场，因为制鞋技术是不容易被复制的。一旦许多客户订单的成本已经转移到成本较低的东南亚地区，企业管下去。据亚洲鞋业协会2007年的统计显示，在广东省有5000多家制造鞋类的企业，在2007年，当中国的制鞋行业都还没有完全感受到金融危机的影响的时候，超过了1000家制造鞋类的企业被迫关闭。
以阿根廷为例来说，它发起了对从中国进口的鞋类或者原产于中国的鞋类的反倾销调查。在2009年2月26日，阿根廷经济部发布了二千零九分之四十二号决议，决定对原产于中国的鞋类或者从中国进口的鞋类发起反倾销案件的调查。如果调查证实的确是存在倾销行为的，那么，将对中国的此类产品征收惩罚性进口反倾销税。根据阿根廷的“民族报”的报道显示，从去年开始，就进行了调查。阿根廷的鞋业协会向政府提出申请，指责从中国进口的鞋类产品的倾销现象是普遍存在的；对阿根廷的制鞋行业造成了严重地伤害，因此有必要由政府发起反倾销调查。
廉价的中国的鞋类具有竞争优势；它也被视为这些国家的祸害。在欧盟反倾销的重建期间，俄罗斯和加拿大，阿根廷也趁机发起了反倾销调查。因此，廉价的中国鞋类产业已成为反倾销的“目标”。
积极应对反倾销是唯一的出路
中国南部的浙江省宁波市的慈溪市江南化纤有限公司的副总经理孙雅说：“在倾销调查面前，我们必须要更加了解和熟悉国际规则。放弃了一个市场，将意味着会放弃更多。”
在2007年，中国聚酯短纤的反倾销案件中，只有34％的企业参与了应诉。这也就意味着其他的企业已经失去了美国的市场。“进入市场或者失去市场。只有当企业有意识地去保护自身的合法权益时，才能保持它的市场。”这已经成为了宁波许多企业达成的共识。就三秦化纤责任有限公司来说，他们每年都要花10万元人民币的诉讼费。但是，他们却避免了每年200万元人民币的损失。这个1比20的投入产出比是一个真正获利的交易。许多企业采取了观望和看看的态度，现在正在采取积极地措施，以改善他们的财务管理系统，以备有可能发生的反倾销调查。