2019【中考英语】初中英语语法复习简单句并列句复合句.doc

简单句、并列句和复合句
【简单句simple sentence】
1. 定义： 如果句子只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语动词），这样的句子称为简单句。
2. 五种基本句型：
英语中千变万化的句子归根到底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词) [S + V] 我发誓 : I swear
翻译：孩子们正在开心地玩耍。
她在教室里安静地学习
去年他在医院上班。
（2）主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 [S+V+O] I love you..
翻译：我学英语五年了。
我妈每天早起，做早饭。
（3）主语+谓语（系动词）+表语 [S+V+P] I am busy and tired.
常见的系动词有：be(是)； get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) 等，表语一般由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当。如：
翻译：现在天气变得越来越热了。
你的想法听起来不错。
这个歌手成了影星了，成名又有钱。
他生病住院了。
（4） 主语+谓语(及物动词)+间宾+直宾 [S+V+O+O] Ms Liu teaches us English.
既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to。如：① My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me. ② I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him.
翻译：我父母给我做了一个风筝（2种方式）
（5）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语 [S+V+O+C] We must keep our school clean.
翻译： 运动使我们健康又美丽
足够的睡眠使我们学得更好
时间会证明（prove）我是对的

3. 【感叹句】
What +adj.+n.+主语+谓语！ How+adj./adv.+ 主语+谓语！
1）Guan Dong saved an old lady out of the Yangtze River. ________great courage he showed!
A. What a B. What C. How
2).- What programm is so attractive?
- The guards of honor of the PLA are taking part in the parade on Red Square.
-______ exciting event!
A. How B. What an C. What
3) –Wow! _____ beautiful the music is! - Yes.That’s my favorite.
A. What B What a C How
4) ____ fast Ning Zetao swam! He won the first prize in the swimming contest!
A What B How C what a
4 【祈使句】
祈使句的主语一般是you（听话人），常省略，其谓语动词用原形。
祈使句的4种表现形式：
Do 型（ V原形+其它）： Please have a seat。 Don’t forget me
Be 型（Be+表语（名词形容词）+其它 Be a good boy! Don’t be late。
Let 型（ Let+宾语+V原形+其它）：let me help you。 Don’t let him go。
No+n（pl。）/ V-ing: No smoking! No photos!
【练习】 1） - Is there a No.2 bus stop near here?
- Yes, there is. _____ at the second crossing and you will find it. A. Turning left B. Turn left C. To turn left
2) --- _________. The baby is sleeping. -- I’m sorry.
A.Not talk B. No talking C Can’talk
3) Don’t ____ shy. Everyone may make mistakes at the beginning.
A. am B is C be
4). -- Sorry for being late again.
-- here on time next time, or you’ll be punished.
A be B being C To be
5 【倒装句】
1）There be句型： 主语在be动词后面的名词 ， there引导词，无意义。
There be + n + 地点 表示某处存在某物
翻译：我们学校附近有一点大超市和几家书店。

2）副词位于句首
以here，there，now，then等副词放句首，谓语动词常用be，come，go等。这种倒装结构的主语必须是名词，如果是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
翻译： 汽车来了！ Here comes the train!
这是你的信.
他来了！ Here he comes! 给你！

3）以 so/neither/nor/开头+be/助动词/情态动词/+ 主语 : 某某也（不）…
John can’t speak Japanese. Neither I.
We study geography very hard. So they
--My brother Jimmy never plays computer games on school nights. ____ __ ___
I don’t understand the story in the new unit. What about you, Bob? ___ ____ __
【并列句compound sentences】
并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间不是从属关系，而是平行并列的关系。两个简单句常用并列连词或分号连在一起。
结构是：“简单句+并列连词（分号）+简单句”。
关系
连词
例句
并列关系
and / both ... and ...
/ not only ... but also ...
/ neither ... nor ...
My father is a teacher and my mother is a nurse.
Neither he nor I like to see this film.
Not only I but also he will stay here tomorrow.
转折关系
but / however / while/
I like English, but I am not good at it.
I am short, while my brother is very tall.
选择关系
or / either ... or .../or else
You can read this book or that one.
Let’s hurry up， or we’ll miss the plane.
Either she or you are going there with me.
因果关系
so / for/ therefore
It was late, so I went home at once.
It is morning now, for the birds begin to sing.
翻译： lily 和 lucy 都喜欢运动
要不你去参加聚会，要不他去参加
努力吧，否则你会后悔（regret）的
他不但学习成绩好，而且乐于助人，很受欢迎。
她很外向，但是她的妹妹很文静。
雨下得很大，所以我只好宅家了，好郁闷呀！
【复合句complex sentences】
复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句。从句由从属连词引导。

一. 宾语从句
定义：在句子做宾语的从句叫宾语从句。

引导词
1. 连词 that 引导由陈述句变来的宾语从句。That无意义，可省去
2. 连词if/whether （是否）引导由一般疑问句或选择疑问句变来的宾语从句
3. 特殊疑问词（when，how，what，why等）引导由特殊疑问句变来的宾语从句
语序
宾语从句一律用陈述语序，即主语+谓语
（当what, which, who 在从句中作主语时语序不变。
what’s wrong? What’s the matter? What’ the trouble? What happened? Who’s speaking?... )

时态
1. 主句是现在时/将来时/祈使句，从句根据实际情况使用相应时态。
2. 主句是过去时，从句使用过去时的某种形式
3. 从句表示是客观事实、真理、自然现象等，不管主句的时态，从句一律用一般现在时态。
【练习】把下列句子合并成宾语从句
1） We had fun playing water in the sea. I remember

2) Do you know? Does the store close at nine every night?

3) Will you free this weekend? She asked me.

4) When did the train leave? We want to know

5) the teacher asks students. Who broke the window?

6) light travels faster than sound. Ms Wang told us.

(1)-I saw David in the teachers’ office this morning. Do you know ________he was there?
- He went there to hand in his homework. (2015 南京)
A. how B. whether C. when D. why
(2) – Excuse me, could you tell me __________? (2015苏州)
-- In five minutes.
A. how soon will the film begin B. how soon the film will begin
C. how long the film has been on D. how long has the film been on
(3) – In the UK, a lady usually doesn’t like to be asked__________.
A. whether has she got married B. how old is she
C. where she comes from D. how much she weighs

【注意1】宾语从句的否定前移
在主从复合句中，当主句的的主语为第一人称（I，we）谓语动词是 think , expect , believe , guess , imagine , suppose 等表示“认为，猜想”的词时，一般要把宾语从句中的否定式转移到主句中。
我想她不会和你一起来。 I _____ think she___________ come with you.
我认为他不是美国人:

【注意2】如果主句和从句的主语相同.特殊疑问句的宾语从句与特殊疑问词+to do的转换
She knows what she should do next= She knows what to do next.
I didn’t decide which one I would choose.= I didnt decide _________.

二、状语从句
定义：用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。一般由从属连词引导，与主句连接，位于句首时，常用逗号与主句分开；位于句末时，其前一般不用逗号。

1）时间状语从句：as /when / while当……时; after在……之后; before在……之前; since自从;till / until直到; as soon as 一……就
（1）当主句是一般将来时或祈使句时，从句常用一般现在时表示将来,即主将从现。
（2）till/until/not…until
①肯定句：主句+ 谓语动词（延续性动词）+ until /till + 从句.
②否定句：主句+ 谓语动词（延续性动词/非延续性动词）+ until + 从句.
（3）since“自从”(过去时间点，或从句用一般过去时态，主句用现在完成时)。
I _____(teach) English since I ________ (graduate) from university.
练一练：
1. —Do you know________ this afternoon? (2013连云港）
—I’m not sure, but I’ll tell you as soon as she ______.
A. how will Betty arrive; starts
B .how Betty will arrive; will start
C. what time will Betty will arrive; will start
D. what time Betty will arrive; starts
2. Many people will not realize the importance of health _____they have fallen. (2013淮安）
A . until B. while C. when D. after
3. —When will the railway that connects the two cities open? (2014常州）
—____ next year. Only two thirds _____ been built.
A. Until; has B. Until; have C. Not until; has D. Not until; have
4. —They speak perfect English. How long have you learnt it? (2013玄武模拟）
—_____ they were seven years old.
A. Since B. When C. After D. Until

（4）as, when, while 表示“当……时……”的典型考法：
when可表示一个时间点，也可表示一个时间段。
while则只表示一个时间段。引导从句中常用进行时态。
as则强调主句和从句的动作同时进行，主句和从句动词一般用过去时;也可表示“随着……”。
练一练：
⑴______________ he was eating his breakfast, his dog was sleeping on the floor.
⑵She sang______________ she walked along.
⑶It was snowing __________ we got to the airport．

2条件状语从句：if(如果)， unless(除非)= if …not… 。
You’d better travel around Nanjing with a local tour guide________ you want to know more about its culture. A. unless B. until C. although D. if

3目的状语从句通常由so that/in order that(以便，所以)引导。
从句的谓语动词常含有may/might/can/could/will/would等情态动词。
目的状语从句可与in order to do sth.互换。

4 结果状语从句
常由so…that/ such…that（如此的…以致于）引导。
1. It was _____lovely weather ____we decide to spend the day on the beach.
A. such a ; that B. such ;that C. such ;as D. so ;that
2.-Did you catch what the teacher said?
-No. She spoke so fast______ I couldn’t hear her very clearly.
A. which B. that C. when D. what

5 原因状语从句通常由because/since/as引导。
because表示直接原因，语气最强；回答由why提出的问题，只能用because回答。since 表示大家已知的事实，意为“既然”。as语气最弱。
1）— What shall we do now? — ______ it’s raining hard, let’s stay at home.
A. So B. Since C. Though D. If
6 让步状语从句通常由although/though等引导。不能与but出现在同一个复合句里。
　____Mike didn’t win the race, he was still wearing a smile on his face.
A. If B. Since C. Although D. Because　

三、定语从句
一）认识定语
1. She is a beautiful girl.
2. It is my book.
3.I don't know the boy under the tree.
思考：这些定语分别起什么作用？
beautiful: 形容词，起______作用
my: 代词，起______作用
under the tree:介词短语，起______作用
再思考：这些定语有什么共同特点？
定语往往用来______或______名词；
充当定语的词：往往有_______,_______和________等。
翻译：往往理解为_________
找出下列句子的定语
1. She is afraid of the strong tiger.
2. Is this your computer?
3. The man beside the door is my father.

二）、认识定语从句
划出定语从句：
A. I like the gift that my mother bought for me。
B. I like the musicians that can their own songs。
对比：c. She is a beautiful girl
D. I don't know the boy under the tree.
思考：对比a,b句和c,d句的定语，它们有什么不同?
定语从句的本质_____作定语：定语从句的翻译：_____
定语从句的.定义： 在复合句中，修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，放在所修饰的名词或代词后面。被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为引导词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词。基本结构：先行词+关系代词+ 从句 。

先划出定语从句，然后思考：什么时候用which,什么时候用who,什么时候用that.
1.We like teachers who can make class interesting.
2.The story which he told was very funny.
3.I know the woman that is talking with John.
4.Tom usually wears clothes that are out of style.
结论：关系代词的选择取决于_______.
先行词是人时，用______; 先行词是物时，用_______;
先行词不论是人还是物，都可以用________.
【分析关系代词在定语从句的作用】 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持一致。定语从句根据表达的需要选用相应的时态。当关系代词在从句中作主语时，不能省略；做宾语时，可以省略
Tom is one of the boys who ______ from the USA. (be )
The girl______ catches the flowers on a wedding will be the next to get married.
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose

【练习一】以下哪些句子含有定语从句？
1.I don’t know who he is.
2.I don’t know the man who is in black.
3.I think that Class 8 is really great.
4.He told me what I should do.
5. Can you lend me the book that you bought yesterday?
【注意】宾语从句特点：放在_______后 what______(能还是不能）引导定语从句。

【练习二】 用who或which填空
1.Have you ever seen the cat _______ is chasing a mouse?
2.Do you like the teacher ______ likes wearing red dress.
3.He doesn’t want to talk about the accident ______ happened last year.
4.Never break the rules ______ are not allowed in the school.
5.The basketball player ______ is dancing is very famous.
思考：以上所有空格都可以填_______

【练习三】翻译以下句子
1.I prefer books which were written by Mo Yan.

2.They just want to make friends with those people who are good at basketball.

3.他正在寻找他昨天买的手表。(2013年长沙)

4. 你认识那个正在唱歌的老师吗？

【注意】只能用 that的情况：
①当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰:
One of the most interesting places in Yangzhou ________ are often visited by foreigners is the West Slender Lake.
A. what B. who C. that D. /
②先行词同时包括人或物时，关系词用that.
The man and his dog that I always meet are standing by the gate。

⑴The English-Chinese dictionary ______ my father bought for me many years ago is still of great value.
A. whose B. when C. who D. that
⑵The first thing _____ my brother is going to do this afternoon is to write a letter.
A. what B. which C. who D. that
(3)The old theatre will close soon__________ some extra donations are made.
A. so B. if C. because D. unless
(4)The First Huaguoshan International Golf Open was __________ success that we enjoyed ourselves very much.
A. such a great B. a such great C. so a great D. a so great
(5)Good to see you again. It’s almost three years_______ we met last time.
A. until B. before C. while D. since
(6)Scientists say it may be a few years ______it is possible to test the new medicine on patients.
A. because B. after C. before D. since
(7)—The light in his office is still on. Do you know ____________?
—In order to prepare for tomorrow’s meeting.
A. if he works hard B. why he stays up so late
C. why is he so busy D. when he will stop working
8）Do you know the girl _____ is dancing over there?
A. who B. whom C. which
9）This is the dictionary _____ my mom gave me for my birthday.
A. which B. who C. what
10）Do you like the show I'm a singer ______ is very popular in China.
A. who B.which C.what

中考二轮复习——完形填空专题（讲义）
【知识点睛】
一、命题特点
题型上来看：越来越降低了对单词本身词义及语法的考查，而注重上下文联系，主要考查学生运用英语基础知识的能力、上下文对照并捕捉关键词的能力、分析行文逻辑及文章的整体理解能力、结合语境分析推理的能力等。

体裁上来看：中考完形填空的体裁主要以记叙文为主，以叙为主，叙议结合，题材新颖。

二、做题步骤
第一步：___________，___________。完形填空题是一篇意思完整的短文，准确理解短文是解答此类题的关键。在做此题时，要跳过空格，将全文快速浏览一遍，特别要留意文章首尾句和每段首尾句。（对文章内容有一个大概的了解，在阅读时，不需要看到全部的信息，根据部分信息就可以了解大意。千万不要读一句填一句，因为“完形填空”题里所给的大多数选项填入单句后在语法上都成立，但从全文看却并非正确答案。）

第二步：___________，___________。了解文章大意后便要开始填入所缺部分。在选择答案时，一定要考虑到上下文的逻辑关系，前后对照，从上下文中找出关键性启示。同时兼顾句子的结构，习惯用法，固定搭配和词类的功能，先选出比较容易的答案，遇到较难的题，可以跳过本题，继续做后面的题，完形填空题文章前后、上下多有暗示和线索提示（文章为了使语篇相互衔接及文章的连贯，有些词会以原词或同义、近义词等形式重复出现在文章中）。

第三步：___________，___________。初读初选后，还有一些题目没有思路，此时就要逐句细读，逐题分析选项、对上一步骤未确定的个别试题多方推敲，把握全局思维，注意前后逻辑（选连词的空格前后两句可形成指代、列举、因果、对比、让步、补充、递进等逻辑关系）。

第四步：___________，___________。初定选项后，很重要的一步就是要将整篇文章再复读一遍。对答案进行核实调整，清除疏漏。再次迅速复读，对短文的理解会更为深刻，更容易判断有疑点或误解的地方（这时要注意时态语态、主谓一致、固定搭配等）。

五读法：
1. 细读首句，预测主题；
2. 跳读全文，领会大意；
3. 通读全文，试选答案；
4. 细读全文，推敲难题；
5. 复读全文，调整答案。

精简步骤：
1. _______。跳开选项了解信息，初步掌握文章大意。 (1min)
2. _______。仔细阅读全文，抓住短文的每段、每句作者的思想。 (5min)
3. _______。再次阅读文章，检查答案，是否符合文章逻辑推理。 (2min)
三、真题演练
A
The greatest feeling in the world comes not from receiving presents, or even getting an A on the math test you studied so hard for. Rather, it 1________ when you hand a cup of hot coffee to that older man sitting on the side of the street asking for money. You feel it when you drive an hour and a half to a 2________ to meet children with cancer. And you feel it when you sit down with your friend to comfort her 3________ her mother died. Helping others can be the greatest feeling in the world, and I 4________ this just one year ago.
My friend asked me to attend a Youth Group meeting at his church. After an hour of listening to them 5________ their opinions, I was invited to go with them to help 6________ the homeless.
Early that Saturday morning, a team of 15 teenagers began making sandwiches and counting bags of candy. For the first time in my life I realized that we, the teens of America, can make a 7________. Since it was my first time, and I wasn’t part of the group, I felt a little out of place. But watching the others 8________ the food drove my nervousness away.
Before long, all 150 bagged lunches were gone and the group was 9________ its way home. I realized that not only is my friend an amazing person, but that all of those people are a