中国中小企业发展现状及特点.doc

problems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature and purity, and to enhance the ability of party committees and leading cadres are good people. 　　Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. "" What I did is summed up these new things, be promoted. "This is a vivid manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people "support does not support", "agreed not to agree", "happy happy", "promise not to promise" as a starting point and destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a series of important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC Central Committee made on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out the mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that "created and developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route", can always maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. 　　The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadres should develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party
中国中小企业发展现状及特点

(一)中小企业的基本情况
改革开放特别是党的十五大以来，我国的中小企业发展迅速，在国民经济和社会发展中的地位和作用日益增强。
1.中小企业在国民经济中占有十分重要的地位。目前，全国工商注册登记的中小企业占全部注册企业总数的99％。中小企业工业总产值、销售收入、实现利税分别占总量的60％、57％和40％；流通领域中小企业占全国零售网点的90％以上。中小企业大约提供了75％的城镇就业机会。近年来的出口总额中，有60％以上是中小企业提供的。
2.中小企业已成为拉动经济的新增长点，在90年代以来的经济快速增长中，工业新增产值的76.7％来自中小企业。1998年全国工业企业中，小型企业销售额增长率和工商税收增长率分别为10.27％和11.64％，均高于大中型企业。同年，私营中小企业户数同比上升25.10％，注册资本同比增长40.04％；总产值同比增长49.22％；营业收入同比增长71.29％；消费品零售额同比增长64.95％。
3.中小企业是缓解就业压力保持社会稳定的基础力量。中小企业创业及管理成本低，市场的应变能力强，就业弹性高，具有大企业无可比拟的优势。1978～1996年，从农村转移出的2.3亿劳动力绝大多数在中小企业特别是乡镇中就业。全国工业就业职工1.5亿中，有1.1亿人分布在中小企业，约占总数的73％。特别是在近年来经济结构调整和国有企业改组力度加大，国有、集体企业下岗职工增加，新增就业人口居高不下，农村富余劳动力继续向城市转移，以及政府机关精减人员就业压力很大的情况下，中小企业尤其是非公有制中小企业吸纳就业再就业的“蓄水池”作用更加明显。据统计，1998年国有企业下岗职工610万人，有418万在非国有企业中再就业，占国企下岗职工总数的68.5％。由于中小企业是社会就业的主要场所，是地方财政的主要来源，稳定了中小企业就是稳定了社会就业，稳定了地方财政基础，从而全社会的稳定就有了物质保障。
4.科技型中小企业蓬勃发展，是经济增长与社会进步的不竭动力。近年来，科技型中小企业悄然兴起并迅速发展，成为技术进步中最活跃的创新主体。截至1998年底，全国科技型中小企业已逾7万户，占全国中小企业总数的15.22％；全年技工贸总收入超过6000亿元，占同口径销售收入总数的16.57％，1998年与1992年相比，科技型中小企业的技工贸总收入、利润总额、上缴税金、出口创汇等分别增长了20倍、15倍 、23倍和50倍。
5.中小企业是市场经济体制的微观基础，是深化改革的主要推动力量。中小企业大多数从事第三产业，贴近市场，贴近用户，活跃在市场竞争最为激烈的领域，是市场经济的主体和市场体制的微观基础。
相对大企业而言，中小企业改革成本低，操作便利、社会震荡小、新机制引入快。因此，在改革进程中，中小企业往往是试验区，是突破口，是马前卒。中小企业的各项改革成果，为大企业的改革实践提供了有益经验，也为创造多种经济成份共同发展的大好局面作出了贡献。
（二)我国中小企业的主要特点
1、投资主体和所有制结构多元，非国有企业为主体，决定了当前中小企业工作要以发展为重点。中小企业特别是非国有企业在自身快速发展的同时，还积极投身国有企业的改革和调整，使改革前单一所有制结构状况有了根本性改变。以工业企业为例，在独立核算的中小工业企业中，国有企业的户数、资产总额和工业总产值仅占总数的14.85％、38.5％和22.8％，即85％的中小企业均是非国有企业。另据调查，目前国有小企业改制面已近80％，余下20％大都是救不活、卖不掉、破不了的极度困难企业。应当说，中小企业的改革与发展同样重要。但改革对象主要是国有小企业；而发展则要涵盖城乡各类所有制中小企业。因此，无论从中小企业的主体构成 还是改革进程而言，当前，大力扶持中小企业发展应是中小企业工作的重点。
2.劳动密集度高，两极分化突出，决定了当前中小企业发展重在“二次创业”。中小企业生存并发展于劳动密集型企业，就业容量和就业投资弹性均明显高于大企业。据统计，目前中国大、中、型企业的资金有机构成之比分别为1.83：1.23 ：1；资金就为率之比为0.48： 0.66 ：1，即中小企业比大企业单位资金安置劳动人数要高，有的要高出一倍，正因为如此，在前10年中国的工业化进程所以没有出现严重的社会就业问题，中小企业功不可没。但是，今天的市场背景变了，“卖方”市场变成了“买方”市场，总量需求不足与结构性供应不足共生，使中小企业遇到了前所未有的困境，即由劳动密集型带来的就业优势将变为竞争劣势。企业两级分化，中小企业将首当其冲。为此，提高中小企业的有机构成和科技含量，实现“二次创业”是当前中小企业发展中的重中之重。
3.发展不平衡，优势地区集中，决定了当前中小企业推进要区别特点，先易后难，以点带面。中国幅员辽阔，各地区中小企业分布与发展水平极不平衡。据有关数据，按照经济地带划分，中小企业数量东部、中部各占全国总量的42％，西部占15％；而相应的工业总产值东部占66％、中部占26％、西部仅占8％。这表明，在企业规模上，东部中小企业的平均产值规模大于中部和西部，大约是中部的2.5倍 、西部的8倍。实践也表明，选择东部中小企业作业重点试区，就为试点的成功率奠定了良好的基础。此外，中小企业还可划分四大区，即东北地区、长江中下游地区、中西部地区和广东、福建为代表的珠江三角洲地区。东北地区老工业城市居多，中小企业的所有制结构和产业结构都很重，应主要解决国有中小企业规范改制和与大型企业专业化分工及配套问题；长江中下游地区是中小企业的汪洋大海，江苏以乡镇企业为主，浙江以私营个体闻名，工作重点是规范引导、扶持发展；中西部地区资源丰富、中小企业欠发达，推进第三产业和科技环保型中小企业发展是重点；珠江三角洲地区中小企业区位优势明显，可借助“老乡”、“老外”发展中小企业的“两岸三地大中华圈”。
此外，地方企业为主体，决定了中小企业的支撑层面在地方；中小企业自身基础薄弱，决定了其要么成为大企业的摇蓝(即小巨人)；要么成为大企业的伙伴。
综上所述，促进我国中小企业改革与发展要注意调整好五大关系；一是改革与发展的关系；二是吸纳劳动力与科技含量的关系；三是点与面的关系；四是中央与地方的关系；五是中小企业与大企业的关系。处理好上述关系，把握好重点才能在中小企业的改革与发展上取得事半功倍的效果。
满足电厂当前和潜在需求作为公司的战略目标，多年来积累了深厚的发电厂行业知识和经验，并以良好的服务和过硬的技术赢得了电厂的信任和支持。作为既懂电厂管理又懂电厂工艺的具有深厚行业背景的厂家，科远具备了其它软件公司所没有的多学科、多专业集成的技术开发体系of third generation Central led collective, banner Deng Xiao-ping's theory great flag, insisted liberation thought, and facts, and times, in both at home and abroad political storm, and economic risk, severe test before, relies on party and people, defended China features Socialist, created socialist market new system, created full open new situation, advance party of construction new of great engineering, founded "three a representative" important thought, Continue to steer the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right. Comrade Jiang Zemin said: "strengthening and improving the party's mass work in the new situation, it is of decisive significance to consolidating the ruling Foundation of the party. "Through our party and some of the world's major lessons learned from the success of the old party of the party, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out:" the biggest political advantage of our party is in close contact with the masses, the most dangerous after the ruling party was divorced from the masses. "He said:" our reform and construction, only the understanding, support and participation of the people, people's enthusiasm and creativity into full play in order to advance; the leadership of the party, only the tie and win the masses embraced, can be consolidated and strengthened. "He pointed out that strengthening and improving the party's work style construction, maintaining the party's flesh-and-blood ties with the masses is the core problem, the key is to do solid work, implement, resolutely oppose and overcome formalism. Comrade Jiang Zemin stressed that all the work and policies of the party, are in compliance with the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people to the highest degree, to the majority of people are not satisfied with the fundamental guidelines, strive to make our workers, farmers, intellectuals and other people enjoy ... Single, everyone seemed to know. But well known does not mean perfect. Some party members and leading cadres, consider contacting their small departments, within a small circle of people, or contact individual owners, the entrepreneur, is the masses, this idea is obviously not correct. The Communist Party of China, people should have three characteristics. First, the people should be the most social, is a Department within the scope of the majority. 　　Specific to the party and Government departments, especially the cadres working in the Central and State organs, mass is the 1.3 billion Chinese people, work for the party members and cadres, masses are the land within the jurisdiction of the common people. The second characteristic of the masses, is that we have common interests. 　　Masses are manifestations of each specific people, but the crowd is a comprehensive political concept, refers to people with common political and economic interests in the period of social transformation, social differentiation between the interests of the masses is large, if you do not find the interest in doing mass work, the party members and cadres, will be in a passive position. The third characteristic of the masses2