国际贸易原理与实务资料整理.doc
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1、资料内容仅供您学习参考,如有不当或者侵权,请联系改正或者删除。1.贸易分类Classification of international trade: Export trade, Import trade, Transit trade。Direct trade, Indirect trade, Entrepot trade。Visible trade, Invisible trade.2. ICC : International Chamber Of Commercial(国际商会)3.Mercantilism重商: refers to the school of economic thoug
2、ht that came into existence in Europe during the period from 1500 to 1750. the trade theory that states that nations should accumulate financial wealth, usually in the form of gold, by encouraging exports and discouraging imports is called mercantilism. The main problem with mercantilism is that all
3、 countries engaged in export but was restricted from import, another prevention from development of international trade.4. absolute of advantage绝对优势: Adam Smith developed the trade theory of absolute advantage in 1776. Smith stated that tariffs and quotas should not restrict international trade; it
4、should be allowed to flow according to market forces. Contrary to mercantilism Smith argued that a country should concentrate on production of goods in which it holds an absolute advantage. No country would then need to produce all the goods it consumed. According to the absolute advantage theory, i
5、nternational trade is a positive-sum game, because there are gains for both countries to an exchange. 5. Comparative Advantage相对优势: first introduced by David Ricardo in 1817. The principle of comparative advantage states that a country should specialise in producing and exporting those products in w
6、hich is has a comparative, or relative cost, advantage compared with other countries and should import those goods in which it has a comparative disadvantage. Out of such specialisation, it is argued, will accrue greater benefit for all.6. Reasons for trade restrictions: a diversified economy to be
7、less dependent on foreign countries both economically and politically. Protect vital industries (stability and economic development).Infant industry argument (a new industry needs to be protected until the labor force is trained, the production techniques are mastered and the operation becomes large
8、 enough to enjoy the economies of scale and to be able to compete in the market. Employment (protect domestic jobsPure political reasons7.tariffs关税: a tax, or duty, levied on a commodity when crosses the boundary of a customs area. According to the methods used in imposing import duties: Specific du
9、ty: A tariff levied as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods. (Disadvantage: Protective value varies inversely with the price of the import./Ad valorem duty: Levied as a constant percentage of the monetary value of 1 unit of the imported good./Mixed or compound duty: A duty placed on import
10、ed items, the amount of which is based upon the above two duties./Alternative duty:Adopting either of these two duties According to different tariff rates: Preferential duties: applied according to its geographical source./generalized preferential duty: extended under the General System of Preferenc
11、es./MFN duty: a duty for nations entitled to most-favored-nation treatment or trading status/general duty: a non-MFNT tariff, applied to countries without MFNT agreement.According to special purposes: Countervailing duties (CVD): a tariff designed to ”counter” the effects of the foreign export subsi
12、dy./Anti-dumping duties: a duty to imports to offset the eddects of dumping. 8. .forms of non-tariff barriersquantity control measures(non-automatic licence、 quota、 quantitative safeguard measures、 prohibition、 voluntary export restraints即VERs);price control measures(administrative pricing、 variable
13、 charges、 antidumping or countervailing measures);para-tariff measures(customs surcharges、 additional taxes and charges、 internal taxes and charges levied on imports、 decreed customs valuation);finance measures(advance payment requirements、 multiple exchange rates、 restrictive official foreign excha
14、nge allocation、 prohibition of foreign exchange allocation、 bank authorization、 surrender requirement);anti-competitive measures(single channel for imports、 compulsory national service);miscellaneous measures(to subsidize import-competing industries、 government procurement policy、 administrative cla
15、ssification、 technical measures).9. dumping: Dumping is selling exports at a price that is too low, less than normal or fair value. Types: Predatory dumping: driving competitors out of business in the foreign country. Sporadic dumping: Foreign producers have temporary surplus that they export at wha
16、tever price can get. a) Cyclical dumping: during periods of recession a firm tends to lower its price to limit the decline in the quantity sold. b) Seasonal dumping: intended to sell off excess inventories of a product Persistent dumping: when a firm with market power uses price discrimination betwe
17、en markets to increase its total profit10.Unfair competition caused by: Social dumping: firms in developing nations with lower labor costs and poorer working conditions. Environmental dumping: a countrys lax environmental standards. Financial services dumping: a nations low requirements for bank cap
18、ital/asset ratios. Cultural dumping: cultural barriers aiding local firms. 11. Conditions of dumping: Such firm must has monopoly power in domestic market.Segmented markets (no buy in and sell at a profit between domestic market and foreign market). Different demand elasticity. 12. types of regional
19、 economic integration: Preferential Trade Area is a trading bloc which gives preferential access to certain products from certain countries. This is done by reducing tariffs, but does not abolish them completely. Free Trade Area, all barriers to the trade of goods and services among member countries
20、 are removed. But each country is allowed to determine its own trade policies with regard to nonmembers. Customs Union is one step further along the road to full economic and political integration. A customs union eliminates trade barriers between member countries and adopts a common external trade
21、policy. Common Market has no barriers to trade between member countries, includes a common external trade policy, and allows factors of production to move freely between members. Economic Union involves the free flow of products and factors of production between member countries and adoption of comm
22、on external trade policy, but it also requires a common currency, harmonization of members tax rates and a common monetary policy, fiscal policy. 13. Static effects of regional economic integration: The effects that occur directly on the formation of the integration project. Trade creation: Economic
23、 integration creates trade that would not have existed otherwise. Trade diversion: Economic integration diverts trade, away from a more efficient nonmember supplier to a less efficient member supplier. Administrative saving: Economic integration can lead to administrative saving by eliminating the n
24、eed for government officials to monitor the goods and services that cross the borders. Collective terms of trade improving: If a bloc of countries imposes the tariff, the fall in demand for the imported goods will be substantial. Greater bargaining power in trade negotiation greater than they would
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- 国际贸易 原理 实务 资料 整理
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