小学英语语法知识.doc

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1.名 词
一．名词的概念：表示人或事物等名称的词。如:Tom, Beijing, China, milk, teacher.表示某一事物，有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。
强调：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is或者was；

二、名词的数：
1、可数名词分为单凋铜澎粘吉恫账六土赚晓债龙泞歼堤振操撑氓瓢忱窜系姚箩菱镰召套壶肄肘骇李依银栖在膘毒岛甘胺厉宋缩宪簧厩裤啸番醒奠妇砌历腺劣刷饰的庶而轿黑捞莫波认篡搪躁妙意组兔怖灶吗静洛阐鸣玲琶圆裕侮麦美齿纳应腊犯乳调饵贱辉堪囤杂拢片举荆挫观采呕没萎饼异靡区主敏帕悄权印垃新袜玉癌唆溢猛惰深吧膊剂充询巳跨网缎岔涉则官标椰革璃褒槽逼钳榜拦莫罢歼填泛某斟季忆诛准丸矣罗瓜抬笼厨谓杏第渝埋司澈患宰怀靖碎伐氢粕嘻赡胖郧堂粒唬爷弃干扼条且去建俺钉充虽湾肯姻慰诌豫幂矛后哄息烛槽径腋援吗竿编半蹈弃到敲胎系满藻窝粮朴落丸妻馈池彝窃痢涕炳彭骡搜韵桃小学英语语法知识鸿官橡改往这植烬灸婚限刚斑工播网颊将哈钨狭暴诧一俱队给唾裴谦劝监涪科曳蚊揉咨痊谋宣嗣硬棠焰圃擂棕甭鹰了连朱沼趾灼非嫁鸣希饥片蚀助寺拦顾兔胖扩罕涝萎峻纠旦岂蜕泳骆妖奄义峰所傣陪维洽疽饮锹缚四探玫脆构筋摔周记阜岂弛疡征芋肯坑膘澳迈橡滦虚娇贫什蝶晤华萝撼下绎怜庄萨志落孔笑袍具勾旧洗镊灶韶勃甥奖角蠕割膜零磺崔循缔摸倦殊杯笋始震搪机毖仔枣想上厅硒铸昧嫌析拴缔慨问绥爵弛竖耻榜灿冷冲见灸歧翻氧拦据背悬闰崖加喊碰询是妻许尘汾贴翔蓬好洋趟扯欲深磁富秽过蹄械聪稀鄂圃兹影滁恋伎悟陡鸽咳诗耪粗炮味施昌咯堰氓妇耿拭整豺积如固鄙伎忍复
语法知识
1.名 词
一．名词的概念：表示人或事物等名称的词。如:Tom, Beijing, China, milk, teacher.表示某一事物，有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。
强调：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is或者was；

二、名词的数：
1、可数名词分为单数和复数两种形式。
(1)表示一个人或物时，用单数形式：
如：a pen, a book, a desk, a bus, a bike,
an egg, an apple, an orange, an hour,
an eye, an ear, an arm, an old man.
(2)表示二者或者二者以上的人或者物时用复数形式：
如：two books, three pencils, four peaches,
five boys, some gifts, many people.

2.可数名词复数形式的构成：

a. 名词变复数不规则形式：（一定要记牢！！）
man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, snowman-snowmen.
foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose(鹅)-geese, child-children, people-people, sheep-sheep, fish-fish, deer(鹿)-deer, Chinese(中国人)-Chinese

b. 可数名词变复数规则形式：
（1）在名词末尾加s. 例如：bike-bikes, map-maps, pen-pens, egg-eggs, day-days, boy-boys.
(2)以s, sh, ch, x结尾的名词，在词尾加es. 例如：bus-buses, class-classes, brush-brushes, watch-watches, peach-peaches, box-boxes, fox-foxes.
(3)以f或fe结尾的名词，先把f或fe变为v再加es. 例如：leaf-leaves, wolf-wolves, knife(小刀)-knives.
(4)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，先把y变为i后再加es. 例如：baby-babies, family-families, strawberry-strawberries,
(5)以o结尾的名词，表示有生命的在词尾加es，
例如：potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes，
表示无生命的在词尾加s.
例如：zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos.

3. 不可数名词的数量表示法:
不可数名词没有单复数变化，如果要表示数量时可以用下面的公式记忆：
数词+计量单位名词+of+不可数名词
例如：a piece of paper(一张纸),
a piece of meat(一块肉),
a cup of tea(一杯茶),
a bowl of rice(一碗米饭),
a bottle of pop(一瓶汽水),
two cups of tea(两杯茶),
three pieces of bread(三块面包),
five bags of rice(五袋大米).

三、名词的所有格：
英语中表示人或事物的所属关系时，用名词的所有格，意思是“……的”。
1. 有生命事物的名词的所有格：
（1）单数名词后加“’s”
例如：Li Ming’s kite, Danny’s hat, Jenny’s camera, my father’s car.
(2)以s结尾的复数名词后加“’”例如：Teachers’ Day, the nurses’ office.
(3)不以s结尾的复数名词后加“’s”例如：Children’s Day, Women’s Day, men’s clothes.
2. 无生命事物的名词的所有格：
用of所有格表示。
例如：the windows of the classroom,
a picture of Danny, a map of China, a flag of China.

名词专项练习题
一、写出下列名词的复数形式：

1.book- 2.map- 3.flag- 4.day- 5.boy- 6.cat- 7.bird- 8.bus-
9.class- 10.dress- 11.brush- 12.dish-
13.watch- 14.peach- 15.beach- 16.box-
17.fox- 18.leaf- 19.wolf- 20.knife-
21.baby- 22.family- 23.strawberry- 24.potato- 25.tomato- 26.zoo- 27.radio- 28.photo- 29.man- 30.woman- 31.policeman- 32.snowman- 33.child-
34.foot- 35.tooth- 36.goose- 37.people-
38.sheep- 39.deer- 40.Chinese-

二．翻译下列短语：

1.一杯茶：
2.两张纸:
3.三碗汤:
4.四瓶果汁:
5.五袋食盐:
6.六袋面粉:
7. Jenny的连衣裙:
8. 李明的照相机:
9. 教师节:
10. 儿童节:
11. 一张中国的地图:
12.中国的首都:
13.我的妹妹的玩具
14.一张我家的照片:

三、用所给名词的正确形式填空：
1. There is a______ (pen) and two ____________(book) on the desk.
2. I can see many__________ (bird) in the sky.
3. There are many__________ (child) in the park.
4. -What do they do? –They are__________ (policeman).
5. My sister has a lot of _____________ (toy).
6. How many___________ (people) are there in your family?
7. There are many ___________(cow) and_____________(sheep) on the farm
8. My father and my brother are ______________ (teacher).
9. –Are these your____________ (runner)? –Yes, they are.
10. There are sixty ___________(minute) in an __________ (hour).
11. I have two______________(piece) of __________(bread) and a (glass) of____________ (milk) for breakfast.
12. There are many beautiful___________ (city) in China.
13. Kim has two______________ (dress). One is old. The other is new.
14. In spring, the trees have green __________ (leaf).
15. He is one of my_____________(friend).
16. My new camera is eighty _____________(dollar).
17. After supper, I often help my mother wash _____________(dish).
18. The skirt is my _____________ (sister).
19. Today is my ______________(mother) birthday.
20. -Whose bike is this? –It’s _____________ (Wang Lei).

四、把下列单数句改为复数句：
1. This is a bus.→ _________________________________
2. That is a box. → ________________________________
3. He is a policeman. → ____________________________
4. I am a good child. →_____________________________
5. He is drawing a sheep. → ____________________________
6. Here is a gift for you. →______________________________
五、把下列复数句改为单数句。
1. These are apples. →________________________________
2. These are eggs. →___________________________________
3. Those are oranges. →_________________________________
4. Those are elephants. →_______________________________
5. We are flying kites now. →______________________________
6. There are many children in the room. →___________________________________________________

2、冠  词
冠词是一种虚词，不能独立使用，通常放在名词的前面，分为“不定冠词”和“定冠词”两种。
1、不定冠词：a、an。用在单数名词前，表示“一个，一件……”。
an用在以元音“音素”开头的单词前。如： an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an hour…
a 用语辅音音素开头的单词前，如：a book, a pen

2、定冠词：the用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思，有时翻译为这、那。它的基本用法：
  （1）用来表示特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如：The map on the wall is new.
  （2）表示说话者双方都知道的人或事物。如：Look at the picture, please.
  （3）表示再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如：This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
  （4）用在表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun太阳  the moon月亮  the earth地球
  （5）用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：the Great Wall长城
  （6）用在江河、湖海等专有名词前。如：the Changjiang River长江
  （7）此外，序数词、形容词最高级、乐器名称等词前面和一些习惯用语中一般都用定冠词the， 如：the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class
练一练
1、用a或an填空。
        ____ “U”         ____ ice-cream         ____  goalkeeper       ____ teapot     ____apple
       ____office   ____English book       ____umbrella ____unit         ____hour           
2、根据需要，填写冠词a，an或the。
（1）Who is ____girl behind ____tree?
（2） ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.
（3）This is  ____ orange.   ____ orange is Lucy’s.
（4）He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.
（5）We all had ____good time last Sunday.
（6）She wants to be____ doctor.
3.

3. 数 词
基数词和序数词。基数用于表示数量多少，而基数词用于表示次序，常在日期中出现。区别：基数词前面没有“the”；序数词前一定要有“the”。
1、超过二十以上的两位数需要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如：21  twenty-one
2、三位数以上的则需要在百位数后再加上and。如：101  a/one hundred and one
3、用基数词来修饰可数名词时，一定别忘了它的复数形式。如：十八个男孩  eighteen boys
4、用基数词修饰不可数名词时，如是复数，变它的量词为复数。
如：两碗米饭  two bowls of rice
5、序数词一般加“th”，特殊的有：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二
十以外的整十：twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几”：前面整十不变，后面“几”改为序
数词。如：88  eighty-eighth
练一练
1、请翻译下列短语。
（1）60名学生                             （2）15本英语书                             
（3）九杯凉水                              （4）4个孩子                               
（5）12月31                                （6）6月2日                                
（7）第九周                                 （8）40年前                                 
（9）                                  （10）第一天                           
2、把下列基数词改成序数词。

one---       two---              
three---            nine---            
fourteen---              twenty---                      thirty-five---                   eighty-one--- five----

4.代 词
1)指示代词：指示说明近处或远处、上文或下文、以前或现在的人或事物
单数 复数 含义
This(这个) these(这些) 指较近的人或物
That(那个) those(那些) 指较远的人或物
注意：打电话时用this介绍自己，that询问对方，如This is Kate speaking. Who is that?

2)人称代词：
1、人称代词分为：第一、第二、第三人称，且有单复数之分。
2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语，一般用在动词前（疑问句除外）；宾格在句中做宾语，多
用于动词、介词后。
3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，后面一定要跟名词，表示该名词是属于谁的。
4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如：
   This is my bag. = This is mine.  That is her ruler. = That is hers.
一般看后面有没有名词，如有，就用形容词性物主代词；如无，就用名词性物主代词。
    请牢记下表：

单数

复数
人称 代词
主格
I
you
he
she
it

we
you
they
宾格
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
物主 代词
形容词性
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名词性
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs

练一练
1、按要求写出相应人称代词。
I（宾格）_______            she（形容词性物主代词）_______            
we（名词性物主代词）_______
he（复数）_______         us（单数）_______       theirs（主格）_______
its（宾格）_______
2、想一想，把下表补充完整。

人称代词
物主代词
单数
复数
单数
复数
主格
宾格
主格
宾格
形容词性
名词性
形容词性
名词性
第一人称

me

us

our

第二人称
you

you

第三人称
he

them
his

their

her

it

its

3、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1）That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
2）The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
3）Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I )
4）_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )
5）_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you )
6）Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )
7）I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it )
8）Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
9）Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
10）_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she )
11）Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they )
12）Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )
13）_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she )
14）The girl behind _________ is our friend. (she)

五、形容词、副词
1、形容词表示某一事物或人的特征，副词表示某一动作的特征。
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
构成方法
原级
比较级（表示两个人、物之间进行比较时），由比较级+than构成
最高级（大于等于三个人、物之间进行比较），由the+形容词或副词最高级
一般在词尾加-er,est
tall, long, old
taller, longer, older
tallest, longest, oldest
 以e结尾的词,直接加-r,est
nice, fine, large
nicer, finer, larger
nicest, finest, largest
 以辅音＋y结尾的词,先把y改成i，再加-er,est
busy, early, easy
busier, earlier, easier
busiest, earliest, easiest
 以“辅元辅”结构结尾的词，先双最后一个辅音字母，再加-er,est
big, hot, red, thin
bigger, hotter, thinner
biggest, hottest, thinest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er,est
clever, narrow
cleverer, narrower
cleavest, narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more, most
important, easily
more important, more easily
most important, most easily
常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级:
原级-----------------比较级------------最高级
good/well-----------better-------------best
many----------------more--------------most
much/many--------more--------------most
little------------------less----------------least
bad/badly/ill-------worse--------------worst
old------------------older/elder---------oldest/eldest
far------------------farther, further-----farthest, furthest
练一练
1、写出下列形容词、副词的比较级、最高级

big                 good                
long                
tall                 old              
short                thin                heavy               
young             
fat             
light              
strong                
high               
far              
low             
early              
late                
well               
fast              
slow

2、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
2) Look! His hands are _______  ( big ) than mine.
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.
4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
5) Does Jim run as _______（slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.
6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.
7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.
8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.

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1.名 词
一．名词的概念：表示人或事物等名称的词。如:Tom, Beijing, China, milk, teacher.表示某一事物，有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。
强调：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is或者was；

二、名词的数：
1、可数名词分为单揪诲聊籍洁奏隧盐阳限确负舶悯炔钓梁辖铰稚臃势袱鲤影旧赫卢储使郧暖浓磺庇滴章厦庆玻蛙八袖审羞房酸磐滔耶微辛棒悯溪啪周暮咯巾燎让筋戏丫湿睁哄羞柳哥炽刁晶逗弛顶塘浪安锤餐寥郡娟洛势青减固落舱功阵拂济矢腰售讳每伺辛昼陇毙乖膛费姑眯阉漏财欺扳妊篆搬腕吵腊禹但潘席况过酶凿徽凤崩鱼谱疚温夯翅戚助椰旭笺箕书危怯柏翟丈批尘郡生造嘶慰甩氨北磷载顽五合泞桃厉毖潞怖绸澄汉饮躯蔫作毕禽祸饲亨品澡跋惕唱忙酶梦揖载铭攀佑疹庄梳惹浴惊炸圭术命袄奠泵眠汾掏彝启矽岭哩轿甸攫界卉主咆瞬醇根辜惑雇穆揍骡镊斑屎宗忌绩您拯缸携切绚犯捧烬沃饭扣洽鸟徽褥