专升本英语--作文讲义1.doc

英语考试作文的主要类型及写作技巧
　阅卷老师在语言方面主要从两个方面进行评判：
　　1、基本正确来源：考试大的美女编辑们
　　考生的最大问题不是写得太简单，而是严重错误太多。基础一般的同学即使使用小学或中学词汇和句型，只要使用得基本正确，也可以得到及格分数。考生最常犯的语言错误有三类：语法、拼写、标点。最常犯的语法错误包括：时态、冠词、主谓一致、名词单复数等。
　　2、丰富多变来源：考试大
　　基础较好的同学，要想取得写作高分，应做到丰富多变。丰富多变体现在词汇和句型两方面。同一词语在一句话、一个段落乃至一篇文章中最好不要重复出现，应尽量使用同、近义词替换（无法替换的关键词除外）。例如：think可以替换为reckon, assume, argue等词。如果想不到同、近义词，可以使用上义词进行替换。此外，句型也应富于变化，不要拘泥于主谓宾句型，可以使用主系表、过去分词和现在分词短语作状语、不定式短语作状语、状语从句等多种句型。
　　作文如果量化成句数，只需写10句左右。全文应以短句为主，长短句相结合。所谓短句是指10个词左右的句子，不能全篇都是5、6个词的短句。同时，全文应有一定数量的长句，一般15~20词即可，太长则易冗赘。有的同学以为只写长句不写短句，就能取得高分，实际上老师看长句会觉得很累，以为你不会写短句，通常不会给高分。如果一篇中文作文每句都30多个字，定然晦涩难懂，英文也不例外。精炼的短句可以放在段首表示强调； 复杂的长句可以进行具体的论证、举例或描述。
　　高分真经采集者退散
　　（一）背诵
　　背诵是提高英语综合能力的法宝，可分为以下5个层次：（1）精彩词汇；（2）精彩句型；（3）精彩句子；（4）万能框架；（5）经典范文。注意句子和句型不一样，精彩句子应作为单词来记忆。背诵前，确保自己已充分理解所有内容。
　　语言学习有两个关键词——输入（INPUT）和输出（OUTPUT）。听力和阅读属于输入，考生处于被动状态，只需在考场上将听到和看到的东西弄懂。应对这种题目的技巧很多，容易在短期内提高。但口语和写作属于输出，考生必须变被动为主动，这很难在短期内突破。没有大量的输入，很难进行自由输出。
　　四、写作需要在30分钟内完成一篇短文，共计120或150余字，很多同学叫苦不迭。但若将其改为中文作文，大家就会觉得易如反掌。原因何在？俗话说：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也能吟。”同学们从小到大背诵了大量中文佳作，可以随意组合，自由输出。然而，在英语学习中，多数同学只沉溺于背单词、抠语法、做阅读，很少有人背诵英文文章。正因为没有大量输入，写作才始终处于“挤牙膏”状态，想一句说一句，说一句翻译一句。
　　提高英语写作要多读、多背、多写、多改。多读、多背是首要任务，是积累输入的关键。考生应大量积累经典英文句型、表达和范文，平时勤于背诵。
　　有的同学问我，说自己背过很多英文文章，但上了考场还是大脑一片空白，什么都想不起来。这种情况很常见，主要有两个原因：一是没有进行造句的工作，只是盲目背诵。二是背得不够熟练。学习任何东西都讲究先求质，再求量。大家英语学了很多年，文章看了很多，为什么写作还是学不好？关键是量铺开了，但质没有上去。一篇文章应背到脱口而出的程度，如果还需要过脑子，就证明背得不够熟练。一知半解，背得再多也是徒劳。
　　（二）默写
　　背完经典范文后，进行默写。然后对照原文纠错，搞清楚错在什么地方。多数同学在写的时候都会犯小错误，如拼写、单复数、大小写等。这些就是你在写作中的弱点，也是阅卷老师最不能容忍的地方。培根说过：“Writing makes an exact man.”（写作使人精确。）只有默写下来你才会发现自己常犯哪些错误。
　　（三）中译英来源：
　　中译英也是提高写作的好方法。根据范文的中文译文，将其按自己的理解译成英文。译完后，你就会发现自己的翻译和原文有很大差距，这些差距就是取得写作高分的关键。这时，对照范文，看看原作者是怎么写的，思考为什么这么写。同样的一句中文，范文中使用了哪些词汇和句型？你使用了哪些词汇和句型？学习范文使用不同的词汇和句型。通过不断练习，你的写作水平不知不觉就提高了。
　　（四）写作来源：考试大
　　模仿范文写作新的文章，套用范文的精彩词汇、句型、句子和框架。最初套用时可能比较生硬，但随着不断的积累，组合起来会越来越顺手。
　　上述的高分策略是提高英语写作水平最有效的方法。在练习写作的初始阶段, 可勤查语法书和字典等工具书, 背记常用词和短语，以扩大词汇量，拓展知识面。背单词时要深刻理解所背词语的内在含义，并了解其使用环境。备考时，熟记一些过渡词、句型和范文，并进行仿写。考试时，使用学习过的、熟悉而有把握的词汇和句型，没有把握的句子，尽量采取“回避政策”，切忌自编自造汉语式的英语词组和句型。

大学英语考试作文的主要类型有提纲式作文、主题句作文和关键词作文三大类。主题句作文和关键词作文在大学英语等级考试早期的试卷中出现过几次，但是在以后的试卷中几乎就没有再出现过了。大学英语考试作文的题型基本上都是提纲式作文。因此，本章主要讲解大学英语考试写作中提纲式作文的常见题型及其写作技巧，对主题句作文及其写作技巧只作简要叙述。
大学英语考试写作中的提纲式作文题型主要有阐述对立观点型、说明利弊型、解决问题型、解释缘由型、阐述名言型、分析图表型和描述图画型七种。每一种题型都有其各自的特点和写作技巧。
大学英语考试作文写作技巧是大学英语考试作文写作理论和实践经验的集中体现，是通过大学英语考试作文的写作方法来具体表现的。“方法好事半功倍，方法不好事倍功半” 这是人们公认的一个基本事实。因此，要想取得大学英语考试写作的好成绩，就必须要学会识别大学英语考试写作中的作文题型，并掌握其相应的写作技巧。
提纲式作文七种常见题型的写作技巧虽然各异，但是其写作要领中的不少步骤却是相同或相似的。本章在分别讲解七种常见题型的写作技巧前，将其相同或相似的写作要领先作一统一介绍。写好七种提纲式作文相同或相似的要领有以下八个方面：
1．认真阅读，仔细分析，准确把握提纲的内涵。目前大学英语考试作文写作中的提纲式作文，一般都会给出作文的标题、中文或英文提纲，并且在提纲中一般都规定了写作对象、范围、目的等，因此，弄清提纲的思路和旨意是写好作文的前提。审题时，首先要认真阅读、仔细分析提纲，注意弄清提纲交代的主要内容、反映的意义、要达到的目的、各个层次之间的联系和重点，只有这样才能构思出合乎提纲要求的文章。
2．根据提纲规定的方向和范围写好主题句。主题句是发展深化提纲的前提，是对提纲的补充和扩展，主题句要写得清晰明了、意义完整、有利于段落的展开。各段落的展开必须围绕主题句，要注意确定重点，选准扩充点，将较抽象的内容具体化。要避免不假思索地围绕提纲堆砌材料，或者将中文提纲简单地译成英文，或者将英文提纲生硬照搬。
3．合理确定文章结构。大学英语考试中的提纲式作文一般都采用三段式或四段式结构。因此，在平时练习中应根据自己的爱好选用其中的一种结构模式进行反复训练，熟练掌握，以便考试时能得心应手地运用。
4．选择恰当的写作模式。提纲式作文的结构及写作方法具有一定的规律性和相对固定的写作模式。在平时的练习中应熟悉和掌握这些相对固定的模式，以便于运用。这是一种快速、高效、高分的作文技巧。它可使我们在考试时既能节约时间，又能写出内容切题，思路清晰，结构合理，层次分明，启、承、转、合连贯，语言规范，句式多样的作文。
5．选择恰当的段落展开方法。提纲作文多数是议论文，宜采用概括、归纳法写开头部分；用解释、列举、举例法写中心部分；用总结、归纳法写结尾部分。
6．选用恰当的句型，注意衔接与过渡。提纲式作文各个段落的开头和结尾都有一些共性，因此有一些常用的句型在平时应反复练习，熟练掌握，以便运用时得心应手。此外，还应注意选用好句子和段落间的衔接与过渡句。
7．用好时态。提纲式作文是论理和讲事实的文章，多用一般现在时。
8．注意检查与修改。无论是提纲式作文、主题句作文还是关键词作文，写完后都要重点检查阐述是否清楚，主题的表达是否完整，用词是否恰当，句子结构是否正确，文字是否通顺，句式是否有变化，过渡衔接是否自然，以及字数是否达到规定的要求等。如果没有达到这些要求，应及时对不足部分进行修改。

第一节 阐述对立观点型
一、常见命题形式
阐述对立观点型作文常见的命题形式是：
1．有（些）人认为……；
2．也有（些）人认为……；
3．我的看法或观点。
在过去的大学英语考试作文写作中阐述对立观点型作文的出现频率是比较高的，例如：
1．Spring Festival Eve (CET-4 2006.12)
Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Spring Festival Eve. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below
（1）许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会；
（2）但是有些人提出取消春节晚会；
（3）我的看法。
2．Reading Selectively or Extensively (CET-4, 1999.06)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
（1）有人认为读书要有选择；
（2）有人认为应当博览群书；
（3）我的看法。
3．Can Money Buy Happiness? (CET-4, 1995.01)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should write no less than 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
（1）有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness）；
（2）也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of evil）；
（3）我的看法。
4．Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Luck? (CET-4, 1998.06)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
（1）有些人认为某些数字会带来运气；
（2）也有些人认为数字与运气无关；
（3）试说明你的看法。
5．Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? (CET-4, 2000.06)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
（1）很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是……；
（2）也有人持不同的意见；
（3）我的看法和打算。
6．Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? (CET-4, 2005.12)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
（1）名校校园正成为旅游新热点；
（2）校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同；
（3）我认为……。
7．Is Failure a Bad Thing? （CET-4, 1992.01）
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition in no less than 100 words on the topic Is Failure a Bad Thing? You should base your composition on the following outline (give in Chinese):
（1）失败是常有的事；
（2）人们对失败有各种不同的态度；
（3）我对失败的态度。
二、段落布局及写作模式
例1：Is Failure a Bad Thing?
段落布局
写作模式
Para. 1
People’s views on failure vary from person to person. Some people take it for granted that failure is a bad thing because they think failure is a heavy blow towards achieving one’s desired goal. Many people can not endure failure and can never pluck up their courage to try again when they fail in their attempts to accomplish something. However, others don’t believe that failure is a bad thing, for they believe that failure is the mother of success.
Para. 2
As for me, I am in favor of the second opinion for the following reasons. First, just as a popular saying goes, “everything has two sides.” Failure may give us a heavy blow, but we can learn lessons from it. We can gain considerable benefits out of it. Second, nobody was born to be a success. Everybody's life can never be plain sailing, it must be full of difficulties and setbacks. No one can avoid failure in his whole life. Third, in the same way, nobody was born to be a failure. If we hold a positive attitude towards failure, we will overcome difficulties and frustrations to win victory. Last but not least, from the dialectical point of view, failure and success can be converted each other. We can try our best to convert failure to success.
Para. 3
Based on what we have just discussed above, we may come to the conclusion that failure is not a bad thing. Failure can be converted to success. Failure is the mother of success. Therefore, don’t lose your heart when you meet with failure. Pluck up your courage to try again and again, and the final victory will be yours eventually.
例2：Can Money Buy Happiness?
段落布局
写作模式
Para. 1
When it comes to money, different people will offer different views on it. Many people take it for granted that money is the source of happiness. They hold this opinion because they think with money you can get everything you want.
Para. 2
However, there are still some people who object to this argument. They think that money is the root of evil. They believe that with money some people will visit prostitutes and abuse drugs, others will bribe governmental officials and manipulate an election, and so on.
Para. 3
As far as I am concerned, I support neither of the two opinions for the following reasons. In the first place, while it is true that money is something, it doesn’t follow that money is everything. In the second place, not every rich person is happy, nor is every poor person unhappy. Besides, many people lose their lives when they hunt for money. Therefore, money is useful. Money can buy something, but money can’t buy everything.
Para. 4
In accordance with what we have just discussed above, we may arrive at the conclusion that money itself is neither good nor bad. Money itself has nothing to do with happiness or evil. It is the person who uses money that can be regarded as good or bad. We must have money, but we must not be the slaves of money.
第二节 说明利弊型
一、常见命题形式
说明利弊型作文常见的命题形式主要有两种：第一种是对某一事物的利或弊单方面发表看法；第二种是对某一事物的正反两方面发表看法。
（一）对某一事物的利或弊单方面发表看法
对某一事物的利或弊单方面发表看法就是：说明某一事物的利或弊（如：Advantages/ Disadvantages, Positive/ Negative Aspects, Harmfulness of Something.）。其常见的表达方式为：
1．某一事物的现状；
2．产生这一现状的原因；
3．这一事物的好处或弊端。
例如：
1．Advantages of a Job Interview (CET-4, 1995.06)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Advantages of a Job Interview. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
（1） 现在找工作一般都要进行面试，通过面试面试者（interviewer）和应试者（interviewee）可以相互了解情况。
（2）面试者可以向应试者介绍情况，如工作性质、条件、待遇等。
（3）应试者也有机会给对方留下一个好的印象，如可以表现出自信心，可以介绍教育背景、工作能力等。
2．Harmfulness of Fake Commodities (CET-4, 1998.01)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
（1）目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fake commodities）。为什么会有这种现象？
（2）举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。
3．It Pays to Be Honest (CET-4, 2003. 01)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.
（1）当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象;
（2）诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。
（二）对某一事物的正反两方面发表看法
就某一事物的正反两方面发表看法即：说明某一事物的利和弊（如：Advantages and Disadvantages of Something或 Positive and Negative Aspects of Something）。其常见的表达方式为：
1．某一事物（带来）的好处；
2．这一事物可能（给……）带来的问题或弊端；
3．我对这一事物的体会或我怎样对待这一事物。
例如：
1．Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports (CET-4, 1993.01)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Positive and Negative Aspects of Sport. You should write no less than 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
（1）运动的积极因素；
（2）运动的消极因素；
（3）你的体会。
2．The Two-Day Weekend (CET-4, 1996.01)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Two-day Weekend. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
（1）双休日给大学生带来的好处；
（2）双休日可能给大学生带来的问题；
（3）我应当怎样过好双休日。
二、段落布局及写作模式
例1：It Pays to Be Honest
（1）当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象；
（2）诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。
段落布局
写作模式
Para. 1
Nowadays, there are many dishonest phenomena in our society, which have brought a lot of troubles to us.
Para. 2
Dishonest phenomena are very harmful to our society. Take fake products for example. Some dishonest people produce and sell fake products, such as fake foods, fake drugs, fake building materials, etc. to make great profits. They get short-term illegal benefits, but they do great damage to the majority of people and our society. Fake foods harm people’s health. Fake drugs disable some people and even put some people to death instead of curing them of their diseases, fake building materials destroy our houses, roads and bridges. Dishonest people and businesses are hated by the majority of people and the society as a whole.
Para. 3
By contrast, honest people and businesses do not make and sell fake commodities. Most of us like to make friends with honest people, and make deals with honest businesses. Honest people and businesses will get long-term benefits from their honesty. They can win trust, respect and honor and can be loved by the majority of people and our whole society. Therefore, it is important for us to be honest.
例2：The Two-Day Weekend
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Two-day Weekend. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
（1）双休日给大学生带来的好处；
（2）双休日可能给大学生带来的问题；
（3）我应当怎样过好双休日。
段落布局
写作模式
Para. 1
At present, the two-day weekend plays an important role in our students’ lives. But, like everything else, the two-day weekend has both advantages and disadvantages.
Para. 2
Generally speaking, the advantages of the two-day weekend can be listed as follows. In the first place, it has brought a lot of benefits to our students. It offers our students more free time to get rid of tiredness and have a good rest. In the second place, it gives our students more chances to take part in more outside-class activities. Furthermore, our students have more opportunities to do part-time job to make some money to support themselves.
Para. 3
However, as a very popular saying goes, “everything has two sides”. The two-day weekend has some disadvantages. Great attention should be paid to its unfavorable sides for the following reasons. For one thing, our weekdays are filled with more classes, sometimes too many. For another, some students use two-day weekends to play computer games all day long. Last but not least, some students do nothing but waste their precious time.
Para. 4
Based on what we have just analyzed above, we may arrive at the conclusion that although the two-day weekend has given rise to a number of problems, its advantages outweigh its disadvantages on the whole. And from the dialectical point of view, its unfavorable sides can be converted to its favorable sides. Therefore, we should maximize the positive aspects of the two-day weekend, minimize its negative aspects, make best use of its advantages, and try our best to avoid its disadvantages to achieve our desired goal.
第三节 解决问题型
一、常见命题形式
大学英语考试写作中，解决问题型作文的出现频率也是比较高的。解决问题型作文要求我们就如何解决某一（些）问题或困难发表自己的看法。解决问题型作文题主要有三种出题形式：
（一）提出解决问题途径型
提出解决问题途径型作文的命题形式是：首先提出某一（些）需解决的问题，然后直接或间接地要求我们提出相应的解决途径。
例如：
1．How I Overcame My Difficulties in English Learning (CET-4, 1992.06)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Overcame my Difficulties in Learning English. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
（1） 你在英语学习中有哪些困难？
（2） 你是如何克服这些困难的？
2．Getting to Know the World outside the Ca