英语语法虚拟语气课件.doc

虚 拟 语 气
虚拟语气：
虚拟语气：讲话者对于说话内容的看法的一种与法范畴。
虚拟语气在条件句中的使用（条件状语从句）
非真实条件的情况之下。条件状语从句的真实情况，有两种情况的使用
主将从现
If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus.
非真实条件，则要用虚拟。
如何表达？

知 识 框 架
1. 含有条件状语从句的复合句
名词性从句
宾语从句
三大板块
wish（would rather）+宾语从句
suggest（…）+宾语从句
2. 主 语从句 It is + adj./p.p/n.+ that+ S+ (should) +do
虚拟语气
表 语 从句S+is that +s + (should) +do
同位语从句 S+that +s +(should) +do

3. 定语从句 It is (high) time that + S + did
用过去式表现在情况
1. 时态后退型 用过去完成式表过去
两种形式 用过去将来表将来
2. should+动词原形型

内 容 详 述

I. 含有条件状语从句的复合句(以do为例;S=主语)
情 况
条件主句
结果主句
与现在事实相反
动词过去式（be一般用were）
would(should, could, might)+动词原形
与过去事实相反
had+过去分词
would(should, could, might)+have +过去分词
与将来事实可能相反
1) 动词过去式
2) should+动词原形
3) were to+动词原形
would(should, could, might)+动词原形
注意事项：
例句：
(1) 与现在事实相反
例：1) If I knew the fact now, I would tell you.
假如我现在知道事情真相，我就告诉他了。
2) If you were in my place, you would do the same thing.
如果你处于我的位置，你同样也会这么做。
3) If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.
如果没有引力，我们就不可能行走。
If I had enough money, I should/would buy a camera.
　　 If I were rich, I would help the poor.

(2) 与过去事实相反
例：1) If the art dealer had had money, he would have bought the painting.
假如那位画商有那么一笔钱，他就买那幅画了。
2) If you had come here yesterday, you would have met her.
如果你昨天来，你就会见到她。
3) If she had taken my advice, she wouldn’t have failed.
如果她接受我的劝告，她就不会失败。
If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car.

(3) 与将来事实可能相反
例: 1) If you were to see Jane, what would you tell her?
假如你要去看珍妮，你会告诉她什么？
2) If I should have the time tomorrow, I would go to the library.
如果明天我有空，我就会去图书馆。
3) If bargains were prohibited by law, our standard of living would immediately rise.
假如廉价商品受到法律的制裁，我们的生活水平就会马上有所提高。
If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go.
If I were to go abroad, I would go to America. 倘若我要出国，我就到美国。

注意点：
1．倒装句。如果条件句中含有功能词had，should，were时，可以省去If，把功能词提前，构成倒装句。
1. Were it necessary, i might resign.
2. Had you informed me earlier, I wouldn’t have signed the contract.
3. Were they to get married, they would be happy.
4. Should you meet marry, you would not be able to recognize her.

2．错综条件句。若条件句和主句动作不存在同一个时间，则谓语形式应根据具体情况而定。
在条件状语从句中，常会出现主句所表示的行为所发生的时间与从句表示的行为的时 间不一致，叫做错综时间虚拟条件句，即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致。如从句指过去，而主句却指现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作出相应的调整。
1). If you had worked harder, your English would be better now.
如果过去你学习更加努力些，现在你的英语会更好。
2). If you had gone to bed early last night, you would not be so sleepy now.
3). If I were you, I wouldn’t have gone to the party last night.

3. 含蓄虚拟：有时if引导的虚拟条件从句在句中并不出现，假象的条件隐含在情境中或由其他语法方式表示，这种情况称为含蓄条件句。
If there weren't/had not been +…=without…
If it were not for…/ If it hadn't been for…= but for…
otherwise+虚拟语气的句子
1) If there were no water, fish could not live. 如果没有水，鱼就不能生活。
短语：Without water, fish could not live.
2) If the Party didn’t lead us, we could not have realized the four modernizations.
没有党的领导，我们就不可能实现四个现代化。
短语：Without the Party’ s leadership, we could not have realized the four modernizations.
(1) But for=if it were not for/if it hadn’t been for (要不是)
例：1) But for the doctor’s skill, he would have died. 要不是医生医术高明，他早就死了。
(2) Otherwise/ or =if this didn’t happen/ hadn’t happened (否则）
例：1) I got up very early, otherwise I would have been later for school.
我很早起身，否则我上学早就迟到了。
2) He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have helped you.
昨天他感到很累，不然他会帮你的。
(3) supposing/ suppose=if (假如)
例：1) Supposing something should go wrong, what would you do then?
假如出了什么问题，你准备怎么对付？
2) Suppose white were black, you might be right.
假如白的即是黑的，那么你或许就对了。
4． 虚拟语气的句子，but+ 陈述事实的句子
有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句，例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里，如果主句没有用虚拟语气，或者从句用了虚拟语气，都是错的。
II. 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中
sb. did …(希望现在用过去式)
1. wish+that sb. had done…（希望过去用过去完成式）/would could have done.
sb. would/could do（希望将来用过去将来）
例句：I wish I knew the answer to the question..
2) I wish you had come to my birthday party yesterday.
你昨天要是参加我的生日聚会就好了。
3) I wish you could have come to my birthday party yesterday.
I wish it would stop raining.
2. would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气。(宁愿）
时 间
从 句
虚拟现在
were, did (动词一般过去式)
虚拟过去
had done
虚拟将来
did (动词一般过去式)
例：I would rather I hadn’t said such unkind things to you. （虚拟过去）
I'd rather you came here for the answer tomorrow morning. （虚拟将来）
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. (虚拟现在)
3. suggest+（that）S+should+do…
表示愿望、建议、请求等主观意向的动词之后的宾语从句，谓语用should ＋动词原形，should常常省略。
这类词有：decide，demand，desire，insist，order，propose，suggest，recommend，requested， require等。
例句：I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.
The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.

注意：
1. suggest 当“建议”讲时，其宾语从句用虚拟语气；当“暗示、表明”时，用陈述语气
His pale face suggested that he was in poor health.
2. insist 当坚持“看法或建议”时，宾语从句用虚拟语气；当坚持“某个事实”时，用陈述语气。
　判断改错：（错） Your pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.
（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
　 （错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.
　 （对） I insisted that you were wrong.
III. 虚拟语气用在主语从句中
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。
It is
可用的词有三类
that
（should）do
suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等
important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等
a pity, a shame, no wonder等
2. 主语从句中的应用
It is+形容词/ 名词/ 过去分词+ that引导的主语从句，主语从句中谓语动词常用 “should + 动词原形”。
常用形容词有：necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等
常用名词有：duty, pity, regret, no wonder, shame等。
常用过去分词有：demanded, suggested, required, requested, ordered, decided等
It is suggested that pupils (should) wear school uniforms.
It is important that everyone (should) inform themselves of these rules.
It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer

IV．虚拟语气用在同位语从句中。
某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词后同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should) ＋动词原形。
这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal（提议），order， demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation（推荐），plan，resolution（决议）， idea等。
eg. We are all for your proposal that the discussion ( should )be put off．
1) He made a suggestion that we should have a football match with Class Four. 他提出建议，和4班举办一场足球比赛。
2) They received orders that they should start at once.
他们接到命令，必须立即出发。
3) The proposal that he be invited was rejected.
那项邀请他来的建议被否决了。
V． 虚拟语气用在表语从句中。
某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，表语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should) ＋动词原形。
这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal，order， demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。
eg. My suggestion is that the mayor (should)present the prizes.
1) My suggestion is that we should carry on an English conversation.
我的建议是我们进行一次英语会话。
2) Her proposal is that we should rest for half an hour.
他的请求是允许他请假。
3) His proposal is that we should get rid of bad habits.
他建议我们戒除这些不良习惯。
VI． 虚拟语气用在定语从句中
It is（about ／high）time ＋that sb.did sth/should do sth.. 在It is (high) time that …句型中（that引导的是主语从句），其动词用过去式，表示现在或将来的状态或行为，意思是“该干某件事了”，含有晚了一点的意思，为了强调，往往在time 前加high。
eg. Don't you think it's about time we went home？
例：1) It is time that we went home. 我们该回家了。
2) It is time that you handed in your composition. 你该交作文了。
3) It is time that he was (were) off. 他该告辞了。
4) It is (high) time that we started. 我们该出发了。
注：在this is the first time ／second time that．．．句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。
eg.Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？
VII. 虚拟语气用在让步、方式、目的状语从句中
1．在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。
2．由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。
1) She loves the boy as if she were his mother. 她喜爱这个男孩，似乎她是孩子的母亲。
2) The necklace made of glass looks as if it were a real diamond necklace.
那条玻璃做的项链看上去好像是真钻石的。
3) She talks as though she had knows us for years.
她谈话的样子好像认识我们多年似的。
4) How wild his white hair looked—as if it had been electrified.
他满头白发，十分凌乱——好像带了电似的。

3．虚拟语气用在lest（唯恐、免得），for fear that及in case引导的目的状语从句中。 在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should ＋动词原形构成，should也可省略。
eg. He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again．
1) She closed the window lest she (should) catch cold. 她关上窗户，以免着凉。
2) Lucy hid her jewelry for fear that it should be stolen.
露丝把宝石藏起来了，以免被偷。

VIII．虚拟语气用情感语言中
1．虚拟语气在表示客气、遗憾以及祝愿等场合中，使用虚拟语气。
eg.You shouldn't have been following him so closely；you should have kept your distance．
2．If only sb./sth. +时态后退型的谓语 eg. If only I had known the result of the examination.
虚拟语气练习题：
1. If you were old enough, I ________ you to go there yesterday.
A. will allow B. should allow C. would have allowed D. had allowed
2. The secretary suggested that they ________ the men in at once.
A. had brought B. should have brought C. brought D. bring
3. __________I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were
4. It is strange that such a thing _________ in your class.
A. will happen B. happens C. should happen D. happened
5. How I wish I ________ to repair the watch! I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn't tried C. have tried D. didn't try
6. If he _______ to the teacher attentively, he _______ the answer to the problem now.
A. had listened, would have known B. listened, would know
C. listened, would have known D. had listened, would know
7. I was busy yesterday, otherwise I _______ your birthday party.
A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended
8. If only I _________ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.
A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew
9. The two strangers talks as if they _______ friends for years.
A. were B. would be C. have been D. had been
10. It is high time we _______ up our results.
A. sum B. summed C. will sum D. would sum
11 The librarian insists that John _______ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he had borrowed. A. will take B. took C. take D. takes
12. But for the guidance of our instructor(导师) , we _______ in the experiment.
A.  shouldn’t succeed B. could not have succeeded
C. will not succeed D. should not have succeeded
13. The young man insisted that he ________ nothing wrong and ________ free immediately.
A. did; set B. had done; should be set C. do; be set D. had done; must be set
14. Your advice that______ till next week is reasonable.
A. she waits B. she wait C. wait she D. she waited
15. It was essential that we_________ lease（条约、合同） before the end of the month.
A. sign B. signed C. had signed D. were signing
16. I wish that I ______ with you last night.
A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone
17. He speaks Chinese so fluently as if he ______a Chinese.
A. were B. had been C. is D. has been
18. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
19. But for the guidance of our instructor(导师) , we _ __ in the experiment.
A. shouldn’t succeed B. could not have succeed
C. will not succeed D. should not have succeeded
20. I would have called you up for help had it been possible, but I _______ your phone number then.
A. hadn’t had B. didn’t have C. shouldn’t have D. couldn’t have
21.Had you listened to the doctor, you_________ all right now.
A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been
22._________ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
23.Look at the trouble I’m in ! If only I_________ your advice.
A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow
II. Translation
1. 我不知道他的电话号码，否则我就打电话给他了。

2. 他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。

3.---如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？
---会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。

4．如果你昨晚没有看电影到那么晚的话，你现在就不会这么困了。

5. 没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。