人教版八年级英语上册Unit-1-10知识点总结.docx

Unit 1:一、Grammar 1. Be 动词的过去式： 肯定句：I/He/she/it was（not） You/we/they were .一般疑问句将was, were 放在句首2. 动词过去式： 肯定句： 主语+V过去式+其他I watched cartoons.She visited the zoo. 一般疑问句：Did+主语+V原形+其他Did you read book last night? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Did she clean the desk just now? Yes, she did. No, she didnt. 否定句：主语+didnt+V原形+其他They didnt go the the part yesterday. He didnt make model ships last week3.复合不定代词1)、Anyone、anybody 用于否定句、疑问句中：某人 用于肯定句中：任何人Anything 用于否定句、疑问句中：某事或某东西 用于肯定句中：任何事情或任何东西备注：在句中可以做表语、主语和宾语，但不可做定语。2)、复合不定代词受形容词修饰时，形容词放不定代词后面。Anything special / something interesting3)、含some- 和any-的复合不定代词的区别：Any-表示“某事、某人、某地”，一般用于疑问句否定句；但表示“任何事，任何人”，可用于肯定句；Some-表示“某事、某人、某地”，一般用于肯定句；但是期望得到对方肯定回答时，可以用于一般疑问句中。I met someone interesting yesterday. / Would you like something to eat.4)、由some、any、every、no构成的复合不定代词做主语时，都看做单数，谓语动词采用第三人称单数形式。Something is wrong with my watch. / Everyone wants to win.5)、Too many + 可数名词复数； Too much + 不可数名词； Much too + adj./adv二、Vocabulary & Phrases25 待在家: stay at home去海滩：go to the beach去爬山：go to the mountains拜访我的老师：visit my teacher去度假：go on vacation参观博物馆：visit museum去夏令营：go to summer camp为某人买某物：buy sth for sb / buy sb sth当然：of course没事可做除了.：nothing to do but do.似乎做某事：seem to do到达：arrive in/at; get to; reach决定做某事：decide to do sth做决定：make a decision 尽力做某事：try to do sth尝试做某事：try doing sth在过去：in the past喜欢做某事：enjoy doing sth到处走走：walk around因为，由于：because of拍照：take photos沿途：along the way等待某人：wait for sb如此.以至于.：so.that.上上下下：ups and downs尝起来美味: taste delicious相当多：quite a fewUnit 2一、How often: “多久一次”；用来提问频率，常用always,usually, often,sometimes, once, twice来回答。How soon: “多久”；常用in+时间来回答，多用于将来时；How long: “多长时间”；常用 for+时间段 或 since +过去某个时间点 来回答，常用在现在完成时；How far: “多远”； 提问距离How many: 提问数量的多少，常跟可数名词复数How much: 提问数量的多少，常跟不可数名词二、Be good for sb/sth 对.有益/好处Be good at sth/doing sth 擅长某物或做某事Be good with sb 擅长与某人打交道Be good to sb 对某人友善三、Spend/cost/take/pay 的区别：1. 人+spend time with sb 花时间陪伴某人； 人+ spend money on sth 花钱在某事上； 人+ spend time/money (in) doing sth 花时间金钱做某事 Spend 的主语一定是人2. It takes sb some time/money to do sth. 花费某人时间/金钱做某事3. Pay 的主语必须是人，sb pay some money for sth. 花钱买某物4. Cost 的主语必须是物， sth cost sb some money. 某物花了某人多少钱四、 some time/ some times/ sometime/sometimes 区别(1)sometimes为副词，意思为“有时”，可用于句首、句中或句末，在句中作状语。例如：Sometimes he goes to the cinema on Sunday.星期天他有时去看电影。(2)some times是词组，意思为“几次，几倍”，其中的times为可数名词的复数形式。例如：He has been to Beijing for some times before.他以前去过北京几次。(3)sometime指某个不明确的时间，意思为“某个时候”。例如：Well take our holiday sometime in August.我们将在八月的某个时候度假。(4)some time指某一段时间，其中的time为不可数名词，意思为“时间”。例如：I spend some time practicing speaking English every day.我每天花一些时间练习说英语。五、 Other, others, the other, the others, another 区别(1) another指不定数目中的“另一个,又一个（三个以上）”,用来代替或修饰单数可数名词.例如：This sweater is too big for me. Could you show me another one?.(2) other意思是“另外的,其他的”,修饰复数名词.例如：What other animals do you like?(3) the other通常指两个中的“另一个”常组成词组“one.the other.”.例如：She has two daughters.One is a teacher;the other is a doctor.(4) others泛指“另外的人或物”.例如：Some people like swimming,and others like boating.(5) .the others特指某范围内的“其余全部的人或物”.例如：There are forty books in the box.Ten are mine,and the others are my fathers.六、 although, though 区别(1). 做连词，表示“虽然”,两者大致同义,可换用,只是 although 比 though 更为正式： Though Although it was raining,we went there.(2). although 一般不用作副词,而 though 可用作副词,且一般放在句末(不放在句首),意为“可是”、“不过”：Its hard work; I enjoy it though.(3).在 as though(好像,仿佛),even though(即使,纵然)等固定短语中不能用 although：She was always afraid of men,even though she had lots of boyfriends.七、 Grammar & Vocabularies一周两次：twice a week熬夜不睡：stay up late至少：at least一点也不：not.at all四到六次：four to six times做某事最好的方法：the best way to do sth例如：such as问题的答案是：answer to question最受欢迎的：the most popular保持健康：keep healthy多于：more than少于：less than百分之.：percent of.结果是.：as a result起因于.， 由.造成：result from上网：go online/ surf the Internet几乎从不：hardly ever空闲的：be free做家务： do housework/chores 记住：keep in mindUnit 3 一、 比较级：（一）、比较级，最高级变化规则 一般在词尾+ er或est；以e 结尾的加r或st；重读闭音节双写辅音字母+ er或est；辅音字母+y结尾的，改y为i+ er或est；多音节词和部分双音节词，加more或most。 （二） 、比较级用法 l 基本句型：主语+be/实义动词+adj./adv.比较级+than+被比较对象 l 1. 两者相比较用比较级 eg：Who do you think is more outgoing，Lily or Lucy？ l 2. Very, more, quite, so,too等修饰原级；much, a little, a lot, a bit, far, even等修饰比较级 eg：Im much/ a little / a lot / a bit /far more outgoing than my sister. Im even worse now. l 3. 不能与人或事物自身相比较 eg：He is taller than any other student in his class. China is larger than any country in Africa. l4. 比较对象要一致（that代替不可数名词，those代替可数名词复数，所有格，ones） eg：The weather in Harbin is much colder than that in Wuhan. The students of Class One study harder than those of Class Two. My bike is newer than Toms. l 5. 比较级中出现of the two/ twins结构时，adj比较级前要+the，不可用than Eg：Tom is the taller of the two brothers. l 6. “get/ become+ 比较级+and +比较级”表示“变得越来越.”（多音节或部分双音节 用“more and more+原级） Eg: It gets warmer and warmer when spring comes. Youre getting more and more beautiful. l 7. “the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越.，就越.” Eg: The more you exercise, the stronger you will be. l 8. “As.as”中间接原级，表示“与.一样”，否定为“not as/ so.as”表示“不如” Eg: He is as tall as his father. He is not as/ so tall as his father. l 9. 比较级+than”(more/ less +原级+than)与“not as/ soas”可以互换 Eg: Im taller than you. / Youre shorter than me. / Youre not as/ so tall as me. Chinese is more important than Biology. Biology is less important than Chinese Biology is not as/ so important as Chinese 10. 比.大/多/长/宽几倍，用“主语+be+times+比较级+than+比较对象” Eg: Our classroom is twice larger than yours. l 11. 重几斤，高几公分，大几岁.，用“主语+be+数量词+比较级+than+比较对象” Eg: Im six years older than you.二、 Vocabulary1. loudly大声地，响亮地（多含噪音之意） aloud大声地，出声地（强调出声）read aloud call aloud for help 2. fast强调速度快 run/ drive fast quickly强调动作、行动快 soon 强调时间间隔短 3. competition体育，书法，朗读，音乐等比赛 match 体育竞技比赛，球类比赛 race 速度方面的竞赛，赛跑，赛龙舟等 4. win+比赛，奖项 beat+人，团队 5. ago 以前，用于一般过去时，放在一段时间后 before 在.以前，通常用于完成时，放在时间点或事件之前 6. the same asbe different from be similar to =be like 7. be good at+ V-ing=do well in 擅长于 be good for 对.有益 （be bad for.有害） be good to 对友好 （good 可用friendly, nice, kind替换） be good with.相处好=get on/ along well with 8. true/ truly 指故事、说法、答案等与标准事实、实际情况相符 real/ really 指人或事客观存在，不是想象的 9. take care of=look after照顾 care for 照料、关心某人，喜欢某人、某物 care about 关心，计较，在乎10. make sb do sth; make sb/ sth +adj; make me happy; make sb +n. We made him monitor. make sb +过去分词 She spoke aloud to make herself heard. ake it 约定时间，做成某事，及时抵达 Lets make it at 10:00. Dont worry. Hell make it. 11. both 位置：行前be 后 both of them/ us=they/ we both both 作主语，谓语动词用复数 both.and.=not only.but (also). not both为部分否定，全部否定要用neither .nor 12. be popular with sb受某人欢迎 be popular in/ at在某地受欢迎 13. it is +adj+for sb +to do sth （adj修饰to do sth）It is important for me to learn English. it is +adj+of sb +to do sth （adj修饰sb） It is kind/ friendly/ nice of you to help me. 14. bring out使显现出 15. share sth with sb和某人分享16. other “其他的，另外的”，后接名词复数，有时other+n复数=others another “又一（个），另一（个）”，泛指总数为三个或三个以上中的任意一个，后接名词单数。 the other“（两者中的）另一个”，常与one连用，“on.the other.”表示“一.，另一.” 17. heart learn sth by heart用心记 lose heart灰心 18. break the law/ rules/ world record违法/违规/打破世界纪录 Break off 打断 break away from摆脱，脱离 break into破门而入 break in插嘴 Break down出故障 break out爆发 break up散火 break ones words食言 Have a break/ rest休息会儿19. laugh发笑 laugh at 嘲笑 smile微笑 smile at对微笑Unit 4:一、最高级的用法 1.用于三者或三者以上的比较 eg：Which do you like best，Chinese，Math or English？ 2.“one of+最高级+n.复数”表示“最.之一” Eg：Lu Xun is one of the greatest writers last century. 3.“the +序数词+最高级+n.单数+范围”表示“.范围.是第几” Eg：Hainan is the second largest island in China. 4. 先行词被最高级或序数词修饰，只能用that引导定语从句 Eg：My cousin is the funniest person（that） I know. This is the first letter（that）I received from my sister. 5. Of all +n.复数；of the +数（3）+ n.复数； 二、Vocabulary & Phrases1. Comfort 使舒适，安慰 comfortable 舒适的(uncomfortable) comfortably 舒适地 2. Voice嗓音（说话声、歌声、笑声、鸟鸣声） in a low voice小声地 Noise杂音 Sound任何可以听到的声音 3. be close to靠近 4. choose-chose choose from从.中选择 choose to do sth选择做某事 5. Can I ask you some/ a few questions? 6. Welcome to+地点 7. So far= until now= up to now至今为止8. Around/ near here= in the neighborhood 9. thanks for +n/ V-ing 感谢.Thanks for your help/ thanks for helping me. Thanks to . 多亏，由于Thanks to your help, we can finish our task on time.10.talent n.天资，才能 talented adj.有天赋的 (untalented) Have a talent for (doing) sth. / be talented in/at sth 对（做）某事有天赋 20. around the world= all over the world 21. have.in common 有相同特征 in common with 同.一样 22. Kind of 相当于副词，修饰形容词或副词，意为“稍微，有点”，与a little/ bit 相近 A kind of 意为“一种”，some kinds of 意为“几种”，different kinds of意为“不同种类的”，all kinds of 意为“各种各样的”。这里的kind 是“种，类，属”的意思。 23. be up to是的职责，由决定 be up to sb to do sth应由某人做某事 24.play a role/ part in doing sth在中扮演角色，在中发挥作用，有影响25. make up编造（故事、谎言）26. takeseriously/ be serious about认真对待 27. for example例如 follow the example o. 以.为榜样 give an example举例 set an example to给树立榜样 such as例如 28. come true 实现 29. finish+ n/ v-ing 完成（做）某事29. crowd v.拥挤 eg：They crowd into the room. n.人群 eg：There was a big crowd at the football match. A crowd of students are waiting for the bus Crowded adj. 拥挤的Unit 5Phrases:find out 查明；弄清楚go on doing sth 继续做某事 try ones best (to do sth)尽某人最大努力(做某事) all over/around the world全世界 let sb. do sth.让某人做某事 plan to do sth.计划/打算做某事 make a plan 做计划 hope to do sth.希望做某事 hope that+从句 希望. happen to do sth.碰巧做某事 expect to do sth.盼望/预计做某事 be ready to do sth.乐于/准备做某事 be ready for sth 为某事做准备 How about doing.? =what about doing.？做怎么样？ cant stand doing sth 不能忍受做某事 mind (sb) doing sth 介意（某人）做某事 be famous for因为而出名 be famous as 做为而闻名 be famous to 被所熟知 be serious about sb /doing sth 对某人/做某事当真 in the 1930s 在20世纪30年代 have a discussion about就讨论 do a good job干得好 one day有一天，某天 such as 例如 dress up 打扮；梳理 dress sb 给某人穿衣服 come out 出版；出现； learn from从获得；向学习learn lessons 吸取教训 a symbol of的象征take sbs place代替；替换Vocabulary1.Plan用作动词plan to do sth = mean to do 计划干.，打算干.I plan to plant some vegetables in the garden.had planned to do 本来计划干.如I had planned to water the vegetables yesterday, but there was no water in the well用作名词 make a plan to do sth2.Hope 希望（1）hope to do sth：I hope to have a beautiful wife.（2）hope+that 宾语从句 I hope that I will have a beautiful wife.（3）名词的用法：have a hope , with/for the hope of.（4）hope +that 同位语从 His hope that he will have a large house one day is not impossible.3. Stand vt.忍受；经受cant stand doing sth. 无法忍受做某事,通常用于否定句或疑问句，后接名词、代词或动名词。通常和情态动词can/could not 等连用I cant stand Tom because hes so rude.我受不了汤姆，因为他这么粗鲁。He could not stand being made fun of.他无法忍受被人嘲弄。I wont stand your talking to me like that.我不能忍受你那样对我讲话。stand up 1. 起立 2. 经久耐用4.Happen 发生, 不及物动词，它的用法常见的有如下几种情况： (1) 表示“某地(某时)发生了什么事”，常用“sth.+ happen +地点/时间”这一结构来表达，此时主语应是事情。 The story happened in 2003. 这个故事发生在2003年。 An accident happened in that street. 那条街上发生了一起事故。 (2) 表示“某人出了某事(常指不好的事)”，要用“sth.+ happen+to sb.”这一结构来表达。 A car accident happened to her this morning. 今天上午她发生了交通事故。 What happened to you? 你怎么啦？ (3) 表示“某人碰巧做某事”，要用“sb.+ happen+ to do sth.”这一结构来表达。 I happened to meet a friend of mine in the street yesterday.昨天我碰巧在街上遇到了我的一个朋友。 (4)happen表示“碰巧或恰巧发生某事”时，还可用“It happens / happened that.”这一结构来表达。 It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day. 碰巧那天布莱恩和彼得在家了。 注：that从句中的主语是人时，此种结构可以与“sb.+ happen + to do sth.”结构互换。例如： It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day. = Brian and Peter happened to be at home that day.5. Expect期望，期待 (1) expect+n./pron .盼望或期待某物 He is expecting her letter.Dont expect to o much of him. (2) expect+to do.sth.期望做某事She expects to go there next week. (3) expect+sb.to do sth.盼望某人做某事。 He expects you to finish the work in time.(4) expect+that 从句期望/期待.I expected that he wou ld come one day. 6.辨析look for，find，find out这三个词都有“找”的涵义，但具体用法有别： (1) look for意为“寻找”，是有目的地找，强调“寻找”这一动作。 What are you looking for？你在找什么？ Im looking for my bike我在找我的自行车。 (2) find意为“找到”“发现”，强调“找”的结果，其宾语往往是某个丢失的东西或人。Did you find Li Ming yesterday？你昨天找到李明了吗？ No，we looked for him everywhere，but didnt find him没有。我们到处找了，但没有找到他。 (3) find out着重表示通过理解、分析、思考、询问等“弄清楚”“查明”一件事情，其后的宾语常常是某个情况、事实。Please find out when the train leaves请查一下火车什么时候离站。7.Think of 想，认为think of意思是想，思考。think about为考虑。What do you think of my new belt? The experts think highly of the program. Hes thinking about hiking into the mountains. Think of 和 think about (1) 说思念或对某人、某事的看法，think of和think about可以通用，例如： What do you think of / about his proposal? （你对他的建议有甚么意见？） He often thinks of / about his parents （他经常想念父母）。 (2) 说考虑，一般用think about，例如： I will think about the plan, and see if it is feasible （我会考虑这个计划，看看可不可行）。 (3) 说记起、有意（做某事）和想像，则用think of，例如： I just cant think of her name （我就是记不起她的名字）。 We are thinking of selling our home （我们有意把房子出售）。8.One of 中的一个(1) one of +代词宾格或名词复数one of themone of the students(2) one of 短语做主语，谓语动词用单数One of them is good at math.(3) one of +the+形容词最高级+名词复数one of the longest rivers9. Be ready to do sth 做好准备做某事(1) be/get ready for 是为什么事做准备 后面加名词或动词的现在分词形式(ing形式);Lets get ready for the trip. Lets get ready for taking the trip.(2) be/get ready to 是做好准备去做某事 后面加动词原形,如Im ready to have a report tomorrow.我把明天的演讲准备好了。(3) 另外：be ready to do sth.有时也可以说成:get ready for 或get ready to do sth. Now get ready for SANs. 现在准备了解存储区域网（san）。 Lets get ready for the trip. 我们收拾准备上路吧。10.dress up 梳妆，打扮(1) 盛装打扮例：You do not need to dress up for dinner.你不必为了晚宴盛装打扮。(2) 装扮例：Mother loved to dress me up.妈妈喜欢装扮我(3) 装饰; 修饰例：We shall dress the hall up for the National Day.我们要把大厅布置一新过国庆节。 (4) 添油加醋(或添枝加叶)地讲述，修饰：to dress up the facts with colourful details以生动的细节添枝加叶地