初中·定语从句详细讲解(2).doc

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定语从句
定语从句是一个重点语法项目，而且也是各种考试中考查的重点，要牢固掌握好关系代词和关系副词的基本用法及特殊用法，并且学会利用相关知识来作出判断，准确解答相关试题。

知识详单
何为定语从句：在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词、代词或整个主句。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
关系词：在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。

知识点1关系词
分类
先行词
句子成分
例句
关
系
代
词

who

人

主语，宾语
A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to students.
A teacher is a person, a teacher passes knowledge to students.
whom
人
宾语
The woman whom you met in the street is Kate.
whose
人/物
定语
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
which
物
主语，宾语，定语
This is the room which he lived in last year.。

that

人/物

主语，宾语，表语
The girl that I spoke to is my cousin.
They are the people that were seen yesterday.
He came back for the book that was on the desk
He came back for the book that he had forgotten.
as
人/物
主语，宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us
Such books as I borrowed yesterday are all here
关
系
副
词
when
时间
时间状语
I know the date when Lincoln was born.
where
地点
地点状语
I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.
why
原因
原因状语
That is the reason why he was late.

知识点2关系代词的用法
关系代词
用法
例句
who/whom

两者都用于指人，who在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom在定语从句中作宾语
I have no idea about the man who wrote the article.我不认识写这篇文章的那个人。
What is the girl whom(who) you talked to just now?刚才和你说话的那个女孩子是干什么的?
whose
指人或物，在从句中作定语,往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分
He is the man whose car was stolen last night.他就是昨天晚上车被偷的那个男子。
which

一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，还可在从句中作介词的宾语
That was a fault which could not be forgiven.那是不能饶恕的错误。
The house in which I used to live has become a shoe.我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。
that
指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，还可作表语，作宾语或表语时可省略;作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that前
He is the man that was punished at the meeting.他就是那个在会上受批评的人。
Shanghai is the place that I visited last year.上海是我去年参观过的地方。
as
可以作为关系代词引导定语从句，常用于such... as和the same... as等句式中
Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem.你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。
【知识拓展】
1.关系词指物时，只用that不用which的情况:
①先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, no one, little, few, much, some . none等不定代词时。例如:
All that can be done has been done.所有能做的已经做了。
②先行词被the only, the very ,the just, the right, the last, all, any, some, no, few, little, much等修饰时。例如
This is the very book that I am looking for.这正是我要找的那本书。
③先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级所修饰时。例如:
This is the best film that I have seen.这是我所看过的最好的电影。
④主句是who或者which引导的特殊疑问句时。例如:
Who is the man that is making a speech?正在演讲的那个人是谁?
2.只用which而不用that的情况:
①当关系代词前有介词，先行词指物时。例如:
This is the house of which the windows face south.这就是窗户朝南的那座房子。
②在非限制性定语从句中，当关系词表示事物时，只能用which。例如:
The plane landed safely, which made us very happy.飞机安全降落，这使我们很高兴。

知识点3关系副词的用法
关系副词
用法
例句
when
代替表示时间的名词.而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当时间状语，常可用on which, in which, during which等代替
We don't know the exact time when the English evening will be held.我们不知道英语晚会举行的确切时间。
Do you know the date when Lincoln was murdered ?你知道林肯遇刺的日期吗？
when
代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当地点状语，常用in which，on which，to which等代替
The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided州.我们举行演讲比赛的地点还未定下来。
He did all his research in the room where he lived.他在自己住的房间里做了所有的研究。
why
代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在
从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句
中充当状语，常可用for which代替
He didn't tell her the reason why he was happy.他没有告诉她他那么高兴的原因。
Is this the reason why she refused our offer?这是她拒绝我们帮助她的理由吗?
【知识拓展】关系副词的省略:
（1）The time, every time, each time, the moment等后的关系副词可省略。例如:
By the time （when ）he was fourteen years old, Einstein had learnt advanced math all by himself.到十四岁时，爱因斯坦已经自学了高等数学。
②在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可省略.如the place等。例如:
This is the place （where）we met years ago. 这就是我们多年前见面的地方。
（3）先行词the reason后面的关系副词可省略。例如:
The reason （why）he did that is quite clear.他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。

知识点4定语从句的注意事项
关系代词的省略
在限制性定语从句中，关系代词which, who, whom或that在从句中充当宾语，且前无介词时，关系代词可以省略。例如:
The people (whom/who) I work with are all friendly.
The children like the bread (which/that) my wife makes.
判断关系
词的方法
在判断应使用哪一个关系词来引导定语从句时，首先应该找准定语从句的先行词，确定先行词指的是什么，指的是人.指的是物.还是指的一句话的内容，等等。其次要确定关系词在从句中所充当的成分。需要注意的是，先行词往往决定不了关系词的使用，关键是粉关系词在从句中所起的具体作用。例如:
I'll never forget the day when we moved to Beijing.(先行词指的是时间，关系词在从句作时间状语，故使用关系副词wh.作为引导词)我将永远不会忘记我们搬到北京的那一天。
I'll never forget the days (which/that) we spent together一。t summer.(先行词尽管指的是时间。但在从句中作的是宾语，因此不能使用when作为引导词)我将水远不会忘记去年夏天我们共同度过的那段时光。
定语从
句的主
谓一致
关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数形式应根据先行词来确定.即先行词为单数，从句谓语动词为单数;先行词为复数，则从句谓语动词为复数。例如:
He is one of the students who were late for school.(句中的students是先行词，故从句的谓语动词使用复数形式)他是迟到的学生中的一个。
He is the only one of the students who was late for school. ( one之前有“the only“或“the very’修饰时，one就是先行词.故从句的谓语动词应该使用单数形式)他是学生中唯一迟到的一个。
【巧学记忆】关系代词的用法.:关系词来引定从，它们的用法各不同. That可做主宾用，指人指物它都行.
which只能指物用，主宾定语它也能。who和whom指人用，分作主宾要弄清。whose一词真叫行，指人指物都能用。时间状语when才行，地点状语where能。原因状语why对应, as用作主和宾。修饰全句或部分，which和as要分清。固定搭配应分明，从句当中定功能。
考点突破
考点1 考察关系代词的用法
1.(哈尔滨中考)Everyone has his aim in life. However, you can't get fat on one mouthful. Start with the easiest thing______ you can control
A. who B. that C. which
【解析】选B。先行词thing是物，且由最高级修饰，关系代词用that,
2.(绥化中考) The story book_________ you lent me is very interesting.
A. which B. it C. what
【解析】选A。先行词为The story book，指物，关系词which在从句中作lent的宾语。故选A,
3.(龙东中考)Shirley is the girl_______ taught me how to use We-chat(微信).
A. whom B. which C. who
【解析】选C, the girl作先行词，表示人，关系词在从句中作主语，故关系代词用who,
4.(咸宁中考)-Have you seen the documentary named A Bite of China(舌尖上的中国))?
-Yeah! It's the most funny one__________ I have ever seen.
A. that B. what C. which D. where
[解析]选A。先行词one前有最高级修饰，故关系词用that,

考点2考察关系副词的用法
5.(枣庄中考)He is unlikely to find the school________ he taught 50 years ago.
A. where B. when C. how D. why
【解析】选A。句惫为:他不可能找到那所他五十年前任教的学校。先行词表示地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where.
6.(山东德州中考)Yesterday Li Ming went to the village_________ his family lived ten years ago。
A. when B. which C. where D. that
【解析】选C。定语从句的先行词为the village, 关系词在从句中充当的是地点状语，故用关系副词where.
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