新版牛津英语8B-U2知识点总结.doc

Step 1：Welcome to the unitI show some pictures which were taken when I travelled once. Then I ask the students :Where was I? Do you like travelling? Then I say today we will talk about travelling, the tourist attractions in the world. 一、 Travelling n.意为“旅行”, 是不可数名词。其动词的完全形式为travel. 泛指一般意义的旅行,即一般的旅行活动。如：Travelling is much cheaper than it used to be. 旅行比过去便宜多了。travel, trip, journey的用法区别三者均可表示“旅行。journey 通常指远距离的陆地旅行，并且不一定要返回到出发地(即通常指单程)。如：I wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你一路顺风。trip 通常指近距离的为了办事或消遣而进行旅行，并且往往要回到出发点(即指双程)，不过有时 trip 也可指远距离的长途旅行，可与 journey 换用，比 journey 更通俗。如：1、A：Where is John? 约翰在哪里?B：Hes on a trip to Shanghai. 他去上海旅行了。2、Hell make a round-the-world trip. 他将周游世界。二、Ive been there before.我以前去过那里。have been to意为“去过”，后面没有地点名词时，省略to.Have you ever been to Guangzhou? 你曾经去过广州吗？Jim has been there before. 杰姆以前去过那里。have been to表示“去过”（到过某地，从那里回来了或到了另一地方）, have gone to表示“去了”（在路上或到了某地，但不在讲话的现场）和have been in的区别 辨析：have been in, have been to, have gone to这三个短语都有“到某地去”的意思，但含义和用法各不相同。have been in强调“过去曾去过”之意，表示经验；have been to的意思是“过去到过而现在已返回”，它强调“最近的经历”；have gone to表示“动作的完成”，强调人已离开说话的地方。通过下列句子的对比，可以分清它们各自不同的含义：（1）They have been in Chicago. （2）They have been to Chicago. （3）They have gone to Chicago. （1）句的意思是“他们曾去过芝加哥”，此语强调过去的经历，但没有说明现在是否已回来。言外之意，他们到过芝加哥，他们知道芝加哥在何处，该城市有多大，人口有多少等等。 （2）句的意思是“他们曾到过芝加哥，现在已回来了”。此语强调的是往返的经历。（3）句的意思是“他们已到芝加哥去了”，此语的言外之意是“也许他们已经到达，也许现在还在途中”，它强调“去”的动作已经完成，所以人已不在说话的地点。【典型例题一】（A）用 have/has been to；have/has been in; have/has gone to填空1) Wheres Jim? he has _ Guiling.2) I have _ the West lake, Look, I have taken many photos on it .3) They have_ Beijing for three months.4) We have_ the bookshop and bought many books.5) She has _ her homeland; she is coming to my home next week.6) I have_ Hong Kong twice.7) He has never _to Hangzhou, but he has_ Wuhan once.8) I havent seen him recently. Oh, he has_ Fujian have gone to去了某地（还没有回来），常与 Wheres now ? 等提示语连用have been to去过某地（但现在已回来），常与ever/never/once/twice等连用来源:中_国教_育出_版网have been in已经在某地(呆了一段时间)，常与for/ since/How long等连用went to 强调在过去的某一时间去了某地, 常与last/ ago等过去时间连用【典型例题一】（B）1. 用have gone to / have been to / have been in / went to 填空来源:中教网1. _ you ever _ Disneyland?2. How many times _ you _ Disneyland ?3. I _ Nanjing since two years ago4. Mr. Li _ Hong Kong. And hell come back in two days.5. How long _ you _ Disneyland ? For three days. I _ the theme park last Sunday.6. My father _ Hong Kong two weeks ago. 7. My father _ Hong Kong in 2005.8. My father _ Hong Kong since 2005.9. My father _ Hong Kong twice.10. My father _ Hong Kong and he hasnt come back yet.11. Wheres Lucy? She has_ to a restaurant for lunch.12. Have you _ to this park before.13. I have_ there only once this year.14. She has _ to the shop to buy a notebook.15. Youre late, Lao Wang has _ to Guangzhou.三、Places of interest 名胜 interest n.兴趣，爱好；vt.使产生兴趣，使关注，常见短语为：places of interest 名胜。其形容词形式为: interesting,修饰某人。如:Have you ever been to the places of interest in China? 你曾去过中国的一些名胜吗？We are very interested in the interesting story.我们对于这个有趣的故事很感兴趣。Step2：Reading一、I miss you so much!我是很想念你！ miss v.意为“想念，思念”。如：I miss my parents.我思念我的父母 miss 作动词还可以意为“错过，没赶上”。如：Hurry up!or you may miss the bus.快点！否则你可能错过公交了。 miss 可作名词，意为“小姐”，后接姓氏时，常常大写。如： May I help you,miss? 小姐，我可以帮助你吗？This is my English teacher, Miss Li.这是我的英语老师，李老师。二、Were having a really fantastic time here.我们在这里玩得很开心。 fantastic: adj.意为“美妙的；极好的”have a fantastic time= have a good/great/pleasant/nice/wonderful time; have fun; enjoy oneself三、We spent the whole day at Disneyland.我们在迪尼斯乐园呆了一整天。1) spend on sth. spend (in) doing sth.其它的几种花费：cost: sth. +cost sb. (some money)pay: sb. +pay (money) for sth.take: It +takes sb. (some time) to do sth.【典型例题二】1. How many hours do you usually _ on sports?2. It _ me ten minutes to go to school from my home on foot.3. How much does this CD _?4. I _ 1000 yuan for this room each month.5. If you have 10,000, how will you _ it?6. The suit _ him 100 dollars.7. He takes out some money and _ for the dress.8. It will _ you about half an hour to there.9. The coat _ me 400 yuan.10. He left the restaurant without _ the bill.四、It moved at high speed and was really exciting! 它运行得飞快，确实让人兴奋！speed n.速度，常见短语为：at high/low speed: 以很快/慢的速度。at the speed of, “以.的速度”。如：Please drive at a safe speed.请安全驾驶。at a speed of fifty kilometers an hour 以每小时50km的速度行驶。拓展：speed 可作动词，其词组为speed up,意为“加速”。如： You notice that your breathing has speeded up a bit.你注意到自己的呼吸加快了一些。 with speed: 迅速 with full speed：全速五、We were screaming and laughing through the ride.在整个旅程中我们尖叫着，大笑着。1、辨析cross, across与through的区别首先是词性的区别：across为介词，而cross为动词（动词为“穿过，横穿”，名词为“十字，十字路口”）。cross主要表示在物体表面上横穿。如横过马路、过桥、过河等，与go across同义。如：Be careful when you cross the street.过马路时要小心。 Cross (Go across )the bridge, and you will see a big buiding. 过这座桥你就会看到一栋大楼。 2、当然across必须与through 区别开来。across为“横穿”，与“道路”交叉形成“十字”。而through为在立体空间中的“过”。如：go through the forest“穿过森林”，go across the street “穿过大街” through “在.之中，透/穿过”的意思，常与go, walk等动词连用，表示“穿越，横穿”等意思。主要表示从物体内部穿过。如: go through the forest穿过森林、through the tunnel.隧洞等。如： The two friends were walking through the forest.这两个朋友正沿着森林走。The sunlight comes through the glass.阳光透过玻璃。across表示“横穿、横过、横渡、横跨” 如：Look left and right before you go across the street. 过马路时要左右看。【典型例题 三】1. We must _ the road very carefully.2. Before going _ the road, you should look left first and then right.3. Look! The man is swimming _ the lake.4. They drove _ the street quickly, but the police caught them at last.5. _ the street and you can get to the hotel.6. He _ the road and then comes to the post office.7. Walk _ the footbridge.8. Go _ the bridge and you will see the station.9. You cant _ the road when the light is red.10. Its dangerous to swim _ the river.11. She walks _ the road.12. Can you swim _ the river?13 The police led the old man _ the street.14. We walked _ the forest.15. Can the table go _ the door?16. The stream winds _ the village.17. I try to get into the room _ the window because I cant open the door.18. The tiger is jumping _ the burning ring.19. Shall we walk _ the field?六、 On the way,I met some Disney cartoons characters, such as Snow White and Mickey Mouse.在路上我们遇到了一些迪斯尼卡通人物，例如白雪公主和米老鼠。such as: 例如；诸如此类的；像这种的We have many subjects, such as Chinese, Maths, English and so on.我们有许多课程，例如语文，数学，英语等等。such as 与 like, for example 的区别such as常列举同类人或物中的几个例子，不能穷尽，可和and so on连用，可分开使用suchaslike表示列举，可和such as互换。 for example一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作为插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句中、句末。1、China has many big cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and so on. China has many such big cities as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and so on.中国有许多大城市，比如北京、上海、深圳等等。2、We are not such fools as them. 我们不是像他们那样的蠢人。3、Some warm-blooded animals，like the cat，the dog or the wolf do not need to hibernate. 有些温血的动物，像猫、狗、狼，不需要冬眠。4、Noise, for example, is a kind of pollution. 举例说明，噪音就是一种污染。5、Lily works hard, for example, she always studies late into night.Lily学习很认真，比如说，她经常学习到深夜。七、I ran after them and couldnt stop taking photos.我追着他们跑，忍不住拍照cant stop doing sth.: 不(能)停(止)地做某事 如：He was so excited, and he couldnt stop talking. 他太兴奋了，不停地说话。stop的其它用法： stop doing sth. 停止做某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做（另外）某事stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事can /could not stop doing sth. 还有“情不自禁/忍不住做某事”的意思。如：She could not stop crying when she heard the news. 当她听到这个消息时忍不住落下泪来。同义词组: can /could not help doing sth. 如：We couldnt help cheering when we won the final. 当我们赢得决赛时我们不禁欢呼起来。八、I bought a couple of key rings for classmates. 我为同学们买了几个钥匙链。couple n.两人，两件事物；几个人，几件事物。常见短语为a couple of = a pair of“一双，一对；几个”如： 1、They are a model couple. 他们是一对“模范”夫妻。2、We met Moscow a couple of weeks ago.几周前我们在莫斯科见了一面。Step3：Grammar一、I see Andy playing on the sand too.我看见安迪也在沙滩上玩。 1、see sb do/doing sth 意为“看到某人做某事”。 see sb do sth 表示经常看见某人做某事，或者看到某人做某事的全过程see sb doing sth 表示看见某人正在做某事。如： I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见他正在干活”这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 Jim ofen saw Meimei help others.吉姆常常看到梅梅帮助他人。二、The parade has been over for hours.游行已经结束好几个小时了。 Over adv.结束 be over 的同义词组为end, finish.如： Our holiday wil soon be over. 我们的假日不久就要结束了。 Well go out when the rain is over.雨停了我们就出去。拓展：over 还可以作为介词。意为“在.上边；覆盖”时，同义词为on top of，covering；意为“多于；超过”时，同义词为more than。三、The fish have been dead for some time.鱼死了一段时间了。 dead 为形容词，意为“死的”。辨析：die; dead; dying; death这四个词均表示死。 die 是瞬间动作的动词，意为死亡、断气，指生命的结束，强调动作。如： The girls grandpa died five years ago. 这女孩的祖父五年前死了。 注意：die是不及物动词，也是非延续性动词，不可和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：since，for dead是形容词，意为死的，通常和be动词连用，表示死的状态，可以和。例如： Her father has been dead for a year. 她父亲已死了一年了。 dying 是die的现在分词，常用作形容词，意思是要死的、濒临死亡的。例如： The old man is dying. 这老人已经奄奄一息了。 death 是die的名词形式，意为死、死亡。例如： It makes me very sad when think of my grandpas death. 当我想起我（外）祖父的死，我就很难过四、since 和 for 的用法及区别：since 的四种用法1、since + 过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、 eg. 1990 , last month , half past sixI have been here since 1990. 1990起，我一直在这儿。2、since+ 一段时间+ago I have been here since five months ago。自从五个月前，我已经在这儿了。3、since+从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. 自从你走后，已经发生了很大的变化。4、It is +一段时间+since 从句 It is two years since I became an English teacher. 我成为英语老师有两年了。since 和for区别since +时间点，具体时间，“ 自从、以来，从、以后”用来说明动作起始时间 I have been in Beijing since 2010.for + 时间段 ，用来说明动作延续时间长度 ，因此句中的谓语动词，也应该是延续性动词。 I have been in Beijing for one year。 We have learnt English for about three years. I have been here for 3 days. (对) I have arrived here for 3 days.（误）五、延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。 终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。 延续性动词的用法特征 1、延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示段时间的状语连用。表示段时间的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。 2、延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的点时间状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示点时间，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如： -When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago. -Then youve known each other for more than two years. -Thats right. 非延续性动词的用法特征 1、非延续性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如： The train has arrived.火车到了。 Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？ 2、非延续性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不能和since或for引导的时间的状语连用。如： (1)他死了三年了。 误：He has died for three years. 正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago. 正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died. 记住下面两个句型：1、It has been/Its + 时间段+ since从句（动词用过去式）如：It has been/Its two years since his grandma died.他的祖母已经去世两年了/是两年前去世的。2、时间段+has passed+since从句（动词用过去式）如：Many years has passed since we knew each other.我们已经相识多年了。(2)他来这儿五天了。 误：He has come here for five days. 正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago. 正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here. 句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold。 【典型例题 四】掌握非延续性动词在现在完成时中与一段时间连用时的转化. buy- have borrow- keep arrive/ come/ go- be in/ at leave- be awayjoin- be in/ a member of begin/ start- be onstop/ finish- be overdie- be dead open- be open close-be closedHe _ (离开) his home for a month. Her granny _ (死亡) since she was born.The film _ (结束) for half an hour before they got to the cinema.I _ (买) the book for two years.She _ (借) the dictionary since two weeks ago.Who _ the light? It _ for a day. (开)Its ten years since he _ (结婚) Mary.那位老人去世三年了。The old man _ for three years.It _ three years since the old man _.Three years _ since the old man _.Step4：Integrated skills She can go there in any season except _.除了_她在任何季节都可以去那里。辨析：except,besides与except for1、作介词用法时,这三个词都有除之外的含义,但except常与dodoesdidhavehashadnothing等词形成搭配用法,或者与全部肯定词all、everything、everyone等连用,或者与全部否定词nothing、nobody等连用,因此except加宾语作介词除之外时常表示从整体中剔除一部分；而besides作除之外时则表示另外附加的含义,相当于in addition to。试比较下列例句: 1)He did not hing except watch TV yesterday. 昨天他撤了看电视什么也没有做。2) We need 3 more persons to finish the job besidesinaddition to us two. 除了我们俩我们还需要三人来完成这项工作 。except与except for的用法区别: 1)Except后排除的内容与主语往往是同一类的,而exceptfor后所排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的。如,试比较: All the buildings are excellent except this one. All the buildings are excellent except for their location或者All the buildings are excellent except that the place on which the buidings are built is notgood. 3.相当于连词用法的except与相当于连词用法的besides的区别仍然保持它们作介词用法的含义。试比较下列例句: 1)Tom is a good student except that he is careless.此句相当于:Tom is a goods tudent except for his carelessness. 2)Tom seldom comes late to school except when it rains hard.此句相当于:Tom seldom comes late to school except on a heavily rainy day【经典讲解】1: sothat /suchthat/enough to/tooto解释：如此以至于so+ adj. /adv. +that从句或such+单/复数名词+that从句例：Its so hot in summer that we cant do without the air conditioner. 夏天的天气热的我们少不了空调。 The teacher spoke so fast that I couldnt understand what he was saying. 老师讲得太快以致于我听不懂他在说什么。 He is such a genius that he doesnt have to study much for exams.他是个天才，所以他考试都不用怎么念书。They are such good basketball players that everybody wants to watch their games. 他们个个都是很棒的篮球员， 所以每个人都想去看他们打球。表示：足以做某事 enough to 如: He is old enough to do it. 意思是太而不能 too.to 例: He is too young to go to school. 中考链接sothat, tooto和enough to都是初中英语教材中的重要结构，在一定条件下它们可以相互转换，并经常成为中考考查的热点之一。先请看下面两道中考试题：1. He is old enough to go to school.He is _ _ that _ _ go to school.2. She was so weak that she couldnt take care of her baby.She was _ weak _ take care of her baby.（答案：1. so old; he can 2. too; to）那么在