初一至初三全程英语知识点总结及练习.docx

299 seat/ sit .seat 多用作名词。表“座位”，当它用作动词时表“坐、就座”，是及物动词，与反身代词连用。如： He seated himself at a desk. 他在桌旁坐下。 Please be seated , gentlemen.请就座，各位先生。 Please go back to your seat. 请回到你的座位上去。 . sit 为不及物动词。如： Sit down , please.300 see sb doing sth/ do sth .see sb doing sth. “看见某人正在做某事”，用动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，表动作正在进行。 .see sb do sth. “见到某人做了某事”，表动作发生了，即动作的全部过程已经结束了。类似的动词还有：hear, feel, watch,等感官动词，及have, let, make等使役动词。如： She saw a boy go into your classroom. 她看见一个男孩进了人的教室。 I saw him walking in the street.我看见他正在街上散步。 The teacher heard Jim reading English when she came in. 老师进来时，听见Jim在读英语。301 sothat / suchthat . so that 可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句，引导目的状语从句时，句中常有情态动词can, could 等。如： They climbed higher so that they might see farther. 他们爬得更高，以便看得更远。 I got up early this mornign so that I caught the first bus. 今天早晨我起得很早，结果赶上了头班车。 . so that “如此以致”，so 是副词，在其后可跟形容词或副词，再跟that引导结果状语从句。如： He spoke so fast that no one could understand him. 他说得太快，没人能听得懂。 The T-shirt cost so little that she bought several. 那件T恤衫很便宜，她买了好几件。 . such that 与so that 同意。但such 后跟名词或名词短语。如： She is such a girl that everyone likes her. 她是个人人喜欢的女孩。 He made such raped progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 他进步如此之快，以至于不久就开始用英语给一家美国报纸撰稿了。 注：如果名词前为many 修饰时，用so 而不用such. 见下节例子。302 so/ such . 两者都可以表“这样、如此”之意。So 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。如： I am so glad to hear from my friend.收到朋友的信我真高兴。 He writes so well. 他写得这么好。 . Such 是形容词， 用来修饰单数可数名词，其后需加不定冠词 a 或an. 如： He told us such a funny story. 他给我讲了一个很有趣的故事。 You are interested in such things. 你对这样的事感兴趣。 注意：当单数可数名词前面有形容词修饰时，也可以有 so, 但要调整冠词的位置。 He told us so funny a story. 他给我讲了一个如此有趣的故事。 如果被修饰的名词前有表 “多”或“少”这两个意义的 many, much, small 和 little 时，用 so 而不用 such. 如： Dont bame him. He is just such a little boy. 别责备他，他只是这么小的一个孩子。 We have a long way to go yet, but theres so little water left. 我们还有很长的路要走，但所剩的水已很少了。304 socks/ stockings . socks 指不到膝盖的“短袜”如： He bought a pair of nylon socks. 他买了一双尼龙袜。 My socks have been darned da:nd again and again. 我袜子已经一补再补。 . stockings 指到膝盖或过膝盖的“长袜”。如： She bought a pair of silk stockings. 她买了一双长丝袜。305 some time/ sometime/ sometimes/some times ,sometime,是副词， 意为“在某个时候”，可与将来时连用，也可以与过去时连用。如： He was here sometime last year. 去年某一时候他在此地。 We shall visit the Science Museum sometime next week. 我们将在下周的某一时候去参观科学馆。 .some time 是名词词组，意为“一段时间”。也可副词词组，用来指一个未肯定的时间，常指将来，可与sometime通用。 I stayed here for some time. 我在这儿呆了一段时间。 Lets have dinner some time(=sometime) next week. 下星期我们找个时间一块吃顿饭。 .sometimes. “有时、不时”，是频度副词，常与一般现在时或过去时连用。如： Sometimes they make modes ships.有时他们制作轮船模型。 .some times “几次、几倍” 表次数或倍数。如： We have been there some times. 我们去那儿几次了。306 sound/ voice/ noise . sound “声音”，为最常用词，指可以听到的任何声音，强的，弱的，令人愉快的或不愉快的，有意义的或无意义的。如： I was reading last night, when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room. 昨晚我正看书时，突然听到隔壁房间有声音。 Not a sound was heard. 听不到一点声音。 . noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音，“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。 I am always disturbed by the noise of the traffic. 我老受到车辆噪声的打扰。 The boys made too much noise. 孩子们太吵闹了。 . voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如： That sounds like Marys voice. 那声音听起来好象玛丽的声音。 She has lost her voice.她嗓子哑了。307 space/ universe . space “宇宙”指“空间，时间”如： The earth moves through space.地球在太空中运行。 The moon is our nearest neighbour in space and men have visited it already. 在宇宙里，月球是我们最近的邻居，人们已经访问过它了。 There isnt enough space in the classroom for thirty desks. 教室里没有足够的空间放三十张桌子。 . universe “宇宙”是世界上独一无二的。前要用定冠词the. 除指时、空外，还指在时、空内万事万物。 Our world is only a small part of the universe.我们的世界只是宇宙的一小部分。308 steal/ rob . steal “偷”， 指暗中盗取，句型为“steal +被盗物+from+被盗人或地点”。如： Their car was stolen。他们的汽车被偷了。 He stole some money from her. 他偷了她的钱。 . rob “抢劫”，指公然用暴力抢劫他人物品，句型为：“rob+被盗人或地点+of+被盗物”。如： Their car was robbed. 他们的汽车被抢了。 He robbed her of her money. 他抢了她的钱。 注：和steal相关的名词是 “thief”(贼，小偷)；和rob相关的名词是robber “强盗，盗贼”309 stop doing sth/ stop to do sth/ stop from doing sth .stop doing sth.“停止做某事”表停止正在做的事情。如： They stoped talking to me. 他们中断了与我交谈。 Stop running about. 不要乱跑。 .stop to do sth. “停下来去做某事”即停止正在做的事，而去做另一件事。不定式为stop的目的状语。如： They stopped to talk to me. 他们停下来和我交谈。 Lets stop to have a rest 让我们停下来休息一会儿。 .stop (sb/sth).from doing sth. “阻止某人/物不要做某事”from可省略。=prevent sb. from doing sth; keep sb. from doing sth. 但keep 中的from不能省略。如： We must stop him (from) doing such a foolish thing. 我们必须阻止他做这样的蠢事。 The Green Great Wall stopped the wind blowing the sand to the field of the south. Youd better keep the fire 你最好310 stop/ station .stop 表“站”，一般指路途的公共汽车停靠点。 .station 着重指车、船等的始发和终点站，范围较前者在。如：The bus stop is in front of the station.311 subject/ theme/ topic . subject “题目、科目” 是应用最广泛的用语，可指讨论、研究、写作或艺术创作等的题目。如： Lets change the subject. 让我们改换话题吧。 I have studied the subject. 我研究过这个题目。 . theme “题目、主题”，尤指文学或艺术作品的主题。如： The students are discussing the theme of a novel. 学生们在讨论小说的主题。 Waterfalls are from very early times a favourite theme for the painter. 瀑布很早就是画家喜爱的主题。 . topic “题目”指选定作为个人写篇文章或一些人进行讨论的题目。如： The students were asked to write an essay esei on one of the assigned saind (指派)topies. 要求学生根据指定题目当中的一题写文章。 Baseball is their favourite topic of conversation. 棒球运动是他们最喜好谈论的话题。 注： title 指书籍、诗歌、图画等的名称以及标题。312 surprise/ surprising/ surprised .surprise作名词，意为“惊奇，诧异”。如： To my surprise,they lost! 使我惊奇的是他们输了！ He said to me in surprise, “Cant you skate?” 他惊奇地对我说：“你不会滑冰”？ .surprise作及物动词，意为“使人惊奇，使感到意外”。如：You surprise me. 你真使我惊奇。 .surprising是现在分词作形容词用，意为“使惊奇的，出人意料的”，常指物。如： The surprising success makes us very happy. 这出人意料的成功使我们非常高兴。 .surpised是过去分词作形容词用，指人“对。感到惊奇”。如： Were surprised at your words. 对你的话我们感到诧异。 联想 现在分词作形容词表“进行”，“主动”的含意；而过去分词常表“完成”，“被动”的含意。类似的词还有exciting/excited;interesting/intereisted,relaxed/relaxing,如： I was surprised at the news. 我对这消息感到吃惊。 The news is surprising. 这消息令人感到惊奇。 We are all interested in her idea. 我们对她的想法感兴趣。 She has an interesting idea. 她有一个有趣的想法。313 talk with/ talk of/ talk on/ talk about . talk with 后接的对象作宾语，介词with可用to代替。如： He was talking with / to a friend. 他在与一位朋友谈话。 . talk about “谈论”，后接谈话的内容，宾语可以是人，也可以是物。如： What are you talking about ?你们在谈论什么？ Lets not talk about it now. 咱们别谈这事了。 . talk of “谈到、谈及”，与talk about 同义，只是talk of 仅指“浅谈表面现象（如作者、书名等）”如： We often talk of you. 我们常谈到你。 . talk on “论述”不仅指内容，而且还指评论。如： They seldom talk on politics in those days. 那时候他们很少谈论政治。314 telephone/ ring/ ring up . telephone “打电话”是及物动词，后接名词、代词或从句。也可作不及物动词，其后用介词to再接宾语。它可缩略为phone.多用于口语中。如： Did you telephone Li Lei? Telephone (Phone) me tomorrow. He telephoned that he couldnt attend the meeting. . ring “打电话”可用作及物动词和不及物动词。如： He wanted you to ring him. 他要你打电话给他。 此外：ring for 按铃叫（某人）；ring back 回电话；ring off挂断电话。 . ring up “给打电话”（= call up）如： I will ring him up. 我会打电话给他。315 tell of/ tell about 一般情况下tell of 可与tell about 换用。Tell之后常接表示人的名词或代词，介词of与about后接谈到的事情或内容。但在表示提起某事时倾向于tell of ；在表示详细地讲述有关情况时，倾向于tell about。如： Have you told your mother of your idea? 你把比的想法告诉你母亲了吗？ I told her about that the other day. 前些天我和她谈了这件事。316 thanks for/ thanks to . thanks for = thank you for “为谢”强调谢的原因。如： Thanks for lending me your umbrella.谢谢你借给我雨伞。 Thank you for your dictionary. 谢谢你的字典。 . thanks to “多亏了”；“由于的帮助”相当于because of 或 with the help of , 在此短语中，to是一个介词，后接名词或代词。如： Thanks to the doctor, I am well again. 多亏这位医生，我身体又康复了。 Thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam. 多亏了老师的帮助，我们都及格了。 Thanks to your help, I finish the work on time. 多亏了你的帮助，我才能按时完成工作。317 that/ who/ which . 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose(一般指人)，which(一般指物)，that ( 指人或物)等。关系副词有：where（地点）when(时间)， why(原因)等。 . that 在从句中指物，也可指人，可作主语和宾语。如： Water that is polluted often causes serous illness. 受污染的水常会引起重病。（that 在句中指物，用作主语） Do you have everything that you need? (that在从句中指物，用作宾语) 你所需要的东西都有了吗？ He is the man that they talked about just now. (that 在从句中指人，用作宾语) 他时刚才他们谈论的那个人。 Do you know the man that / who spoke just now? 你认识刚才讲话的人吗？ . who 和whom 在句中指人，分别作主语和宾语。如： A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. ( who 在从句中用作主语) 医生是保护人们健康的人。 I have just met a lady whom I saw last week. (whom在从句中用作宾语) 我刚遇上一位我上星期见过的人。 .which 在从句中指物，可作主语和宾语。如： My aunt was not on the train which arrived just now. (which 在从句中作主语) 我阿姨不在刚才到达的那列火车上。 This is the coat which you wanted.(which 用作宾语)这就是你要的那件外套。 . whose 在从句中多指人，也可指物，用作定语。如： You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. (whose 作advice的的定语) 只有你的话他可能听。 Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。 注意：在下述情况下，定语从句中关连词只能用 that. : . 先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时，如： Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant.只有科学家知道这追求意味着什么。 I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我相信她有你能借到的东西。 Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. 我们对见到的一切都感兴趣。 There is little that I can use. 我能用的东西几乎没有。 He saw much that was bad. 他见了很多坏东西。 注： 先行词是 something 时，关系代词用 that 或 which 都可以。 先行词是：someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody,everybody 时，关系代词用 that 或 who 都可以。 . 先行词被 all, every, very no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时，如： I have read all the books that you gave me. 我把你给我的书全都看了。 He is the very man that came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来的人。 . 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级 修饰时。如： This is the first composition thathe has written in English. 这是第一篇他用英语写的作文。 The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria. 在显微镜下我们能看见的最小的东西是细菌。 This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的小说。 . 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。 That white flower is the only one that I really like.白花是我唯一真正喜欢的花。 This is the very book that I want to find. 这正是我想要的书。 The last place that we visited was the chemical works. 我们最后参观的是化工厂。 . 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，定语从句只能用that 与主句连接，而不能用who / whom / which引导。如： He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited . 他谈了关于他访问过的老师和学校的情况。 . 当主句是以 who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时，关连词只能用that . 而不能用 who / whom / which. 如： Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那人是谁。 Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们当中哪一个懂物理的人不知道这个？ 注：在使用一些固定搭配的短语动词时，that 与其它关系词有时可以互用，其介词不能提前，而必须放在动词之后，这时指物用that, which 均可，指人时用who, whom, that 均可. This is the key which / that you are looking for. He is a man (whom / that ) you can safely depend on. 他是你能依赖的人。 The person whom / that / who he looks after is his mother.318think of / think about/think over . think of “想起、记起；有想法、看法；对有意见；考虑” 如： Will you think of me after Ive left? 我离开后，你还会记着我吗？ I know the person you mean,but I cant think of his name. 我知道你讲的人是谁，但记不起他的名字。 We are thinking of going to Spain for our holiday this year.我们今年有 到西班牙去休假的想法（打算）。 What do you think of my new dress? 你认为我的新衣服怎么样？(可与think about 互换) She thinks of no one but herself.她除自己外不考虑任何人。 . 当它作“想到过去的某事”或“考虑到某事”解时，常与think about 通用。即：“考虑”；“对看法” We have many things to think of / about before going there. 在动身去那之前，我们还有许多事情要考虑。 见 .think about 可以表“想、回想”着重于想的过程。如： I am thinking about the friends I have lost.我正在回想那些失去了的朋友。 注：think of 可以表“想象一下，想想”而think about 则不能。Think of your mother!想想你的母亲吧！ Think of the danger! 想象一下危险吧！ .think over “仔细考虑”其中over 是副词。如： I will think the thing over. 我要把这事仔细考虑一下。319 think much(well) of/ think highly of/ think little(poorly) of/ sing high praise of/ speak highly of . speak highly of “高度评价，赞扬”，相当于 think highly of 如： Our headmaster spoke highly of my classmates at the meeting. 我们校长在会上高度赞扬了我班的同学。 The people speak highly of the TV play. 人们对这部电视剧评价很高。 注 speak 构成的短语： speak English 讲英语（某种语言）；speak to sb. 和某人交谈； speak well / ill of 说的好/坏话；speak like a book 大胆地说 speak for oneself 为自己辩护。 . think much well of “对印象很好”如： We all think well of your suggestion. 我们都认为你的建议很好。 . think little / poorly / badly of “对印象不好”如： You thought very badly of him at first, didnt you? 起初你对他印象很坏，是吧？ . think much of “比更看重（考虑得多）”如： He thought more of health than of money. 和金钱相比他更看重健康。 . sing high praise for “高度赞扬某人/某物” 320 till/ until till 和until 都可作介词或连词，其用法有两种： . 在肯定句中，意为“到为止”谓语动词一般要求是延续的。如： I shall stay here till / until next day.我将留在这儿一直到下星期天。 . 在否定句中，意为“直到才”，表这个动词的动作直到till / until所表示的时间才发生。如： They are not going back to work until / till they get more money. 他们要等到增加了工资才复工。321 to do sth/ doing sth 动词不定式(to do sth)与动词的ing 形式，都是非谓语动词。一般地， 不定式表示：具体的，某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的-ing 形式则表示：抽象的，一般地，具有普遍性的，或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作：主语，宾语，定语，状语，宾补等。如： I like swimming, but I dnt like to go today. 我喜欢游泳，但今天我不想去。 注：下列动词接to do sth.和doing sth 的不同意义： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7322 towards/ to / for . for “向”，接在leave, start, depart 等动词之后，表方向。如： She is leaving for Beijing. 她将动身到北京去。 . towards 仅表“方向”，比for 的意味要强。如： He is coming towards the house. 他向这房子走来。 . to “向，朝”表目的地。接在动词come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如： Lets go to Yangzhou by steamer. 让咱们乘船去杨州吧！ Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 当他回英国不久后，他的父亲便去世了。323 treat/ heal 二者都是动词，treat意为“治疗”，强调用药物或医疗手段医治的过程，并不表示治疗了效果。heal意为“治愈”，指医好伤病。如： The dentist is treating his teeth.牙医在为他治牙。 The doctor healed my burns. 医生治好了我的烧伤。324 used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/ be used to do sth/ would . Used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”（现在不做了），只用于过去时态。如： He used to get up early.过去他常早起。（现在已不这样了） Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday. 她母亲过去常在周五去购物，但现在她周日去了。 . Be used to (doing)sth. “习惯于做某事”，be used 是被动语态结构。可用于现在、过去、将来多种时态。Be可用get, become等代替。如： He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他将会/ 已经习惯于早起。 . Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”， be used 是被动语态结构，其中不定式表目的，可用于多种时态。如： Wood is used to make paper.木材用来造纸。 注：used to 的否定式有两种：一是：used not to 二是：didnt use to 如： My father used not to smoke. = My father didnt use to smoke.我爸爸过去不抽烟。 They used not to live in the country. = They didnt use to live in the country. 其疑问式是将used 提前，或添加助动词 did. .would 是情态动词，没有象used to那样，有过去和现在的对比。不能说明是否现在还做不做。325 very / right / just . right “正好”“就” “立刻”等。如： Mike lives right opposite the street.麦克就住在街对面。 Theres a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有块在石头。 Lily met an accident right here. 莉莉就是在这儿出事的。 Shell be right back. 她马上就回来。 . Just 作为副词，常用在祈使句前以加强语气。如： Just think of the result. 试想一下后果吧。 Just touch it . 你摸摸吧。 Just wait a moment, please.请稍等。 . very 作为形容词，常与the, this或my, your等连用，以加强语气，表“正是那个”“恰好的”等。如： You are the very person Im looking for. (= You are the right person ) 你正是我要找的人。 The two men fought on this very spot. (= right in this place) 那两个男子就是在这个地方打起来的。326 why not/ why dont 此两者都是表建议的句型，一般可以代换。类似的还有： Lets Shall I / we ? How / What about ? . why not “好的、可以呀、为什么不可以呢？”如： -Mum, may I go out to play basketball now? CWhy not? Why not ask your teacher? 怎么不去问一问你的老师呢？ 此外还可表一种不可理解的心情： -I wont see the film again. C Why not? . why dont 是一种友好的建议（a friendly suggestion）.无论在什么场合，使用起来十分亲切。后面接主语。如： Why dont you go swimming? 为什么不去游泳呢？ Why dont I give Lily some colourful pencils? 我给莉莉一些彩笔，好吗？327 work / job .job “