外研版八年级下册Module1-Module3知识点总结.doc

Module1Unit11.Well, my chocolate cookies are done now.句中的be done表示“做好了,完成了”。例如:I am nearly done. 我差不多做完了。Are you done with that pen? 那支笔你用完了吗?The beds are done. 床铺都整理好了。2. Shall I get the sugar?当说话人主动提出要做某事,尤其是主动提出帮助时,我们常用Shall I ?例如:Shall I get some water for you?我去给你弄点儿水喝吧?我们还可以用Shall we?来提出建议。例如:Shall we buy Betty a cake? 我们给贝蒂买个蛋糕吧?3. are you sure thats sugar?你确信那是糖吗?be sure后面接句子,表示“确信,相信”。例如:Im sure tomorrow is Bettys birthday. 我确定明天是贝蒂的生日。Im sure we will find each other.我相信我们能找到对方。1.smell v.闻起来这花闻起来很香。The flower smells sweet.2.cheese n.奶酪fresh adj. 新鲜的这奶酪闻起来很新鲜。The cheese smells fresh.3.sound v.听起来办公室听起来很安静。The office sounds quiet.4.cookie n.小甜饼taste v.尝起来这小甜饼尝起来很美味。The cookies taste delicious.5. sour adj.酸的这橙汁尝起来很酸。The orange juice tastes sour.6.salt n.食盐这盐尝起来很咸。The salt tastes salty.7.nervous adj.紧张的考试让我很紧张。The exam makes me nervous.8.soft adj.软的这玩具摸起来很软。The toy feels soft.Module1Unit21.hear from sb. 收到某人的来信2.cant wait to do sth. 迫不及待做某事3.arrive at +地点名词到达某地4.quite tall 十分高5.each other 互相,彼此6.thanks for doing sth. 因做某事而感谢你7.love doing sth. 热爱做某事8.be proud of 因.而骄傲;以.为荣9.get bad marks 成绩不好10.in a few days (和一般将来时连用几天过后11.feel nervous 感到紧张12.be afraid of doing 害怕做某事重点句子:1.Thanks for your last message. 谢谢你上一次的信。2.I spend a lot of time playing classical music with my friends at school.在学校我花很多时间和朋友演奏古典音乐。3. Im always sorry when I dont know how to do things in the right way.当我不知道如何以正确的方式做事情时我总是难过。知识精讲:1.thanks for 意为“因.而感谢”,thanks 相当于thank you, for强调为何而感谢,其后可接名词或v-ing.Thanks for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。Thanks for inviting us to your birthday party. 谢谢你邀请我们参加你的生日聚会。拓展:thanks to 意为“多亏,由于”,其中的thanks不能由thank you替代, to后不能接动词原形,接对象。Thanks to the English language, we can learn a lot from other countries. 多亏了英语这门语言,我们能从其他国家学到很多东西。2.I cant wait to meet you. 我迫不及待地想见到你。can hardly/ cant wait to do sth. 为固定句式,意为“迫不及待做某事”They can hardly/cant wait to hear from you.他们迫不及待地要收到你的信。3.quite和very的区别相同点:quite与very都是程度副词。quite意为“很;相当”,very意为“很,非常”。就程度大小而言,quite比very小。The pen is quite new. 这支钢笔相当新。(表示它与刚买来时相差不大 The pen is very new. 这支钢笔很新。(表示它与刚买时一样新不同点:(1无程度可言的形容词用quite修饰,不用very.如:Hes quite right.他很对。We are quite ready to go.我们已经准备好走了。(2quite 与very在句中的位置不同。quite+限制词+形容词+名词=限制词+very +形容词+名词。Its quite a nice picture.它是一副相当漂亮的画。Its a very nice picture. 它是一副非常漂亮的画。(3quite还可以修饰介词短语,而very 不能。She stands quite behind you. 她就站在你背后。4.Im sure well find each other! 我确信我们会找到彼此!(1sure adj. (常与of, that连用确信的;肯定的。I am sure that I put the money in the box.我确定我把钱放在盒子里了。Please make sure that the door is locked before you leave.请你确定锁门后再离开。Im not sure about the practicability of their plan.我无法确定他们那个计划的可行性。拓展:sure adj. (与to连用 一定的;必顶的。We are sure to benefit from the new timetable.我们肯定会从新的时间表受益。(2each other 意为“互相”,通常指两者之间,在句中常作宾语。You and I understand each other perfectly.你我彼此很了解。The two girls often help each other in their lessons.这两个女孩经常在功课上互相帮助。相关链接:one another 意为“互相”,用来指两个以上的人或事物的相互关系。但在实际运用中,这两个短语常可互换:We respect each other (one another.我们互相尊重(对方。拓展:each other和one another两者均有所有格。They know each others(one anothers weak points. 他们彼此了解对方的弱点。注意:汉语的“互相”是副词,但是英语中的each other 和one another 均为代词,因此他们在及物动词之后可直接作宾语(如help each other;而在不及物动词之后,则要借助介词(如talk to each other, learn from one another等。else和other的辨析else可作形容词或副词,作形容词时,常放在疑问代词、不定代词之后作后置定语;作副词时也要后置。What else did you do?你还做了什么?(else作形容词She has nothing else to say. 她没有别的什么可说了。(else作形容词 Where else can I go? 我还能去别的什么地方。(else作副词 Study, or else you will fail. 学习,否则你会考不及格的。(else作副词other 作形容词时,用于修饰名词或某些代词,但要前置。Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?I want some other books.我还想要另外一些书。else后可带“s”, other 不能。Who elses bike can this be? 这可能是其他什么人的自行车呢?5.I spend a lot of time playing classical music.我花了许多时间演奏古典音乐。spend some time (in doing sth./on sth. 花费时间做某事/在某事上。We spend two hours (in finishing the task.我们花费了两个小时完成这项任务。拓展:spend money on sth. 花钱买某物I spent $10 on this dictionary. 我花10美元买了这本字典。6.as well 表示“也,还”,常用于句末。She went as well. 她也去了。拓展too, also, either都可以表示“也”。too用与肯定句,常位于句末;also 用于肯定句,常位于助动词、be动词、情态动词之后,行为动词之前;either用于否定句,常位于句末;as well用于肯定句,常位于句末。7.Im very proud of him! 我为他感到非常骄傲!be proud of 表示“为.感到骄傲,为.感到自豪”。We are proud of our motherland.我们为我们的祖国感到骄傲。We are proud of our success. 我们为我们的成功感到骄傲。8. But I cant tell you how excited I am about going to China!但是我没法表达对去中国的兴奋之情!be excited about表示“对兴奋”。例如:I am so excited about the trip!对于这次旅行,我真是兴奋极了! Module3Unit11. What are you up to? 你在做什么呢?up to 表示“正在干,从事着”。常用在非正式常合中。e.g. Whats he up to with all those books on the floor?What were you up to yesterday? You didnt answer my phone.2. Ive just made this model of the space station.这是我刚做的宇宙空间站的模型。just 常用在现在完成时的肯定句中,常放在助动词have/has 的后面。e.g. Weve just seen/watched the film.3. I have nt started it yet.我还没有开始做呢。yet 表示“还(末”,常用在现在完成时的否定句中,通常放在句末。e.g. We havent finished our homework yet.4. Have you heard the latest news? 你听说过这个最新消息吗?latest adj. 最近的;最新的e.g. The news is all about the latest meeting. 这条消息是关于最近的会议的。5. Thats why its on the news.这就是它为什么出现在新闻报导的原因。Thats why 这就是为什么e.g. Thats why they didnt like the music.这就是为什么他们不喜欢这个音乐。on prep. 在(播放中;关于e.g. Whats on the TV?电视正在播放什么节目?6. So have they discovered life on Mars? 所以他们在火星上发现生命了吗? discover v.发现;找到e.g. The fact is that he did not discover it. 事实是他没有发现它。7. Astronauts have already been to the moon. 宇航员已经去过月球了。already 表示“已经”,常放在have/ has 之后,通常用于肯定句中。e.g. Jack has already finished his homework.have/ has been to 表示曾经去过某地,但现在已经回到他的生活所在地。e.g. Th eyve already been to Suzhou twice.他们已经去过苏州两次了。语法小结:just 用来表示“刚刚”,already 用来表示“已经”,一般置于have/has 之后,两者都用于肯定句;yet 用在否定句和疑问句,表示“还未”。have been to 表示“去过某地”,但现在已经回来了;have gone to 表示“去了某地”,现在不在这里(说话人所在地Module3Unit21. Scientists think that there has been life on Earth for hundreds of millions of years. 科学家认为地球上的生命已经有亿万年了。millions of数百万,hundreds of 数百,thousands of 成千上万,billions of 数十亿e.g. There are billions of stars in the Galaxy, and our sun is only one of them.银河系中有数十亿颗恒星,我们的太阳只是其中的一个。2. However, we have not found life on any other planets yet.然而,我们还没有在任何其他行星上发现生命。yet用于否定句和疑问句,意思是“还,尚”。notyet的意思是“还没,尚未”,表示某事物在某一时间尚未发生,但未来也许会发生。例如:I havent learnt any farther information yet. 我还没有得到进一步的信息。Have you received her letter yet? 你收到她的来信了吗?3. The Earth is a planet and it goes around the Sun. Seven other planets also goaround the sun. 地球是颗行星,它围绕着太阳转。还有其他七颗行星也围绕着太阳转。太阳系的其他七颗行星:水星(Mercury、金星(Venus、火星(Mars、木星(Jupiter、土星(Saturn、天王星(Uranus、海王星(Neptune。4. None of them has an environment like that of the earth, so scientists do not think they will find life on them.他们中没有一个有像地球这样的环境,因此科学家认为在他们上面找不到生命。none of 表示(三个以上一个也没有。做主语时,谓语动词可用单数或复数。如:None of us has / have been to the Mars. 我们中没一个去过火星。5. our solar system is a small part of a much larger group of stars and planets, called the Galaxy or the Milky Way.我们的太阳系只是一个由恒星和行星组成的星系的一小部分,这个星系比太阳系大得多,称作银河系或银河。这里的the Galaxy专指“银河系”,也可以称作the Milky Way。而galaxy则泛指“星系”。例如:Scientists have discovered a distant galaxy. 科学家们发现了一个遥远的星系。6. So how large is the universe? Its impossible to imagine.所以宇宙有多大?我们无从想象。句型: It is +形容词+ to +动词原形,意思是“做某事很”It is difficult to read these words. 读这些单词很难。7. With so many stars in the universe, are we alone, or is there life out therein space?宇宙中有这么多恒星,我们是孤独的吗?抑或太空中还有其他生命存在呢? with + 名词+ 介词短语,表示伴随情况,意思是“带着”。例如:Mr. Zhang is coming with a book in his hands.张老师手里带着一书进来了。alone 在句中作形容词,不作定语只做表语,也可作副词。意思是“独自地”。例如:She was alone in that dark room. 她独自一人呆在那黑屋子里。1. Scientists think that there has been life on Earth for hundreds of millions of科学家们认为地球上存在生命已有上百万年了。本句为含有think的主从复合句,即“主语+think+宾语从句”如:I think it is a good thing.我认为它是一个好事情。 (1当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose(猜测,认为等,而主句的主语又是第一人称时,后面宾语从句的否定词常要前移,即否定主句的谓语动词。我们称这类现象为“否定转移(前移”。如:we dont think Tom is right.我们认为Tom是不对的。(2从句中使用了there be句型的现在完成时,其结构为;There have/has been.如:Has there been an accident?有过一次事故吗?(3 hundreds of意为“数以百计的”,用来表示一个不具体的数量或一个夸张的说法。hundred意思是“百”,当它和具体的数词连用时,hundred不能用复数形式,也不能在其后加of。类似的词还有thousand, million, billion 等。如: There are about two hundred students on the playground.操场上大约有两百个学生。There are hundreds of students on the playground.操场上有数百个学生。2. It is impossible to imagine.它是不可能想象到的。本句属于“Itis+adj.+ (for sb.+ to do sth.”的句式,其中to do sth.是真正的主语,it只是形式主语。如:It is important to learn about safety knowledge.学习安全知识是很重要的。本句中的impossible是形容词,意为“不可能的”。如:It is impossible to live on the moon.在月球上生活是不可能的。3.The sun and its planets are called the solar system.太阳和它的行星被叫作太阳系,are called是一般现在时的被动语态,意为“被称为,被叫作”。如: The cartoon is called The Smurfs.这部卡通片叫蓝精灵。4. However, no spaceship has travelled far enough to reach other stars in our Galaxy.然而,没有宇宙飞船能遨游到足够远,到达我们星系中的其他恒星上。形容词或副词+enough to+动词原形,意为“足够可以”。如:He is old enough to take care of himself.他大了,能照顾自己了。5.They are very far away and their light has traveled for many years to reach us.它们离得很远,它们的光到达我们需要很多年。这是一个由and连接的并列句。句中不定式to reach us是表目的的状语。away表示距离时,其句型为:主语+be+数词+metres/kilometres+away。如:学校离这里两千米。6. With so many stars in the universe, are we alone, or is there life out there in space?宇宙中有这么多的星球,我们到底是孤单的呢,还是太空中还有其他生命存在呢?alone意为“孤单的”。一般与be动词连用,在句中作表语。如:I like to work alone.我喜欢独自一个人工作。Module3 Unit3 教材知识详解1.Ive jus t finished reading a great book at school.我刚刚在学校读了一本很棒的书。 finish作动词,后接名词或动词-ing形式作宾语,即finish(doingsth.,意为“做完某事”。如:I can finish reading the book today.今天我能看完这本书。2.I havent read anything as good as that for a long time!我好久没有读过可以与这本书相媲美的东西了! 主语+动词+as+形容词/副词原级+as+比较的对象表示“与一样。如:Mary is as old as Susan.玛丽和苏姗年龄一样大。3. I hope he will write back.我希望他会回信。hope意为“希望”,hope后可接that从句,that可省略,也可接不定式。如果that从句的主语与主句主语一致,两种结构可互换而意思不变,否则不能互换。如:She hopes to see you soon.= She hopes she can see you soon.她希望不久能见到你。4. People all around the world watched their televisions and waited for the news to reach the earth.全世界的人们都在看电视等着传回到地球的消息。本句话含有一个短语,即watch sb./sth.doing sth.,意为“看见某人/某物正在干某事”,强调后面的动作正在进行。如:Tom watches a boy playing football.汤姆看见一个男孩正在踢足球。 watch sb./sth. do sth.意为“看见某人/某物做过某事”。强调后面动作发生的过程。如:I often watch the boys play basketball on the playground.我经常看见男孩们在操场上打篮球。5. I decided to be an astronaut.他决定当一名宇航员。decided to do sth意为“决定做某事”,否定结构是decide not to do sth意为“决定不做某事”。如:They decide not to make friends with that girl.他们决定不和那个女孩交朋友。Module3 单元知识点归纳总结一、重点单词earth(n.地球moon(n.月亮,月球news(n.新闻,消息planet(n.行星reach(v.到达,抵达yet(adv.还,尚(用于表示某事在某一时间尚未发生,但未来也许会发生just(adv.刚才;刚刚environment(n.环境that(pron.那;那个(指代已被提及的事物solar(adj.大阳的,与太阳有关的system(n.系统,体系group(n.群,组galaxy(n.星系model(n.模型spaceship(n.航天器,宇宙飞船project(n.计划;工程;项目latest(adj.最近的;最新的on(prep.在(播放中;关于discover(v.发现,找到astronaut(n.宇航员none(pron.没有一人,没有一个,一点儿也没有universe(n.宇宙light(n.光;光线;光亮impossible(adj. (事情办不到的,不可能的out(adv.在远方communicate(v.联系,交流二、重点短语trip to去的旅行send back送回,归还hope to do sth.希望干某事on Mars在火星上make a model spaceship制作宇宙船模型the latest news 最新消息send a spaceship to Mars发送宇宙飞船去火星in the spaceship在宇宙飞船中be far away遥远work hard努力工作in order to do sth.为了干某事get information获取信息go online上网search for information搜寻信息on the earth在地球上go around the sun围着太阳转the solar system 太阳系a small part of的小部分the Milky Way银河系billions of.数亿的in the universe 在宇宙中take photos 拍照.enough to do sth.足够干某事communicate with sb.和某人交流come back to.返回find it interesting发现它有趣in January 在一月份try to do sth.尽力干某事finish doing sth.干完某件事for a long time很久了as good as.和一样好三、重点句子(1 What are you up to?你在干什么呢?I havent started yet,because Im not s ure how to make it.我还没有开始,因为我不确定如何做。(2Lots of scientists are working hard in order to send astronauts to Mars one day.为了将来有一天把宇航员送到火星上,许多科学家正在努力工作着。(3 Scientists think that there has been life on earth for hundreds of millions of years. 科学家们认为地球上存在生命已有数百亿年的时间了。(4 None of them has an environment like that of the earth,.它们中没有一个有像地球一样的环境,(5T he sun and its planets are called the solar system,.太阳和它的行星被称为太阳系,(6 I havent found anything as good as that for a long time!我很长时间没有发现和那一样好的东西了!(7 I hope he will write back.我希望他会回信。单词典句考点 Earth 地球 【经典例句】 地球一年绕太阳一周。 【考点聚焦】1地球、太阳、月亮这些世界上独一无二的事物前要加定冠词the。2常见搭配:on (the earth 在地球上;on earth 究竟,到底。如 Who on earth broke the window?究竟是谁打破了窗户?discover 发现 【经典例句】 哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。【考点聚焦】1 派生词:discovery n.发现2 同义词辨析:discover/find/find out/look for都有“找”的意思,discover 侧重指新发现特别是科学上的发现;find指找到某人或某物,如:find a book; find out指通过观察、探索而发现事实的真相,如:find out the answer; look for 侧重寻找的过程。 【活学活用】2.选择No one has _ A. foundB. discoveredC. found outD. looked for答案:B行星 【经典例句】 太阳系有九大行星。 【考点聚焦】掌握太阳系有九大行星这一基本知识,并进一步了解九大行星是指 Mercury(水星，Venus(金星，Earth，Mars(火星，Jupiter(木星，Uranus(天王星， Neptune(海王星，Pluto(冥王星 【活学活用】3.根据句意及首字母提示完成单词 The Earth is a p_ of the Sun. 答案：planet alone 孤单的,孤独的 【经典例句】 不只是我一个人有这种想法。 【考点聚焦】 同义词辨析:lonely 孤独的,寂寞的 1alone 强调“ 单独的”这一含义,不带有感情色彩,如 He was alone in the house.他独自一人在家里。 lonely 包含的感情色彩比较强烈,如 When his wife left him, he was very lonely.妻子离他而去后,他很孤独。 2alone 是表语形容词(放在 be 动词之后,而 lonely 既能作表语,又可作定语。 3alone 还可作副词,而 lonely 仅作形容词,如 She lived alone.她独居。 【活学活用】 4.翻译句子 她独居,但她并不感到孤独。 _ 答案：She lives alone, but she doesnt feel lonely. be up to 胜任,从事于 【经典例句】 你到底在搞什么鬼 【考点聚焦】类似搭配:up to.(数目到之多,如:up to 100 men 可达一百人;up to now 到目前为止;up to date 现代的;最新的 go around 绕着运转 【经典例句】 地球绕着太阳转。 【考点聚焦】要注意这里的 around 是介词,相当于 round,意思是“环绕”,类似短语 还有 sit around the table 围着桌子坐;look around the classroom 环顾教室;walk around the park 在公园里逛一圈。 【活学活用】9.同义句改写 Eight planets g Eight planets _ the Sun. 答案：go round a part of 一部分 【经典例句】 台湾是中国领土的一部分。 【考点聚焦】要注意 part 还常作“角色”讲,如 电脑在我们的生活中发挥重要作用。