英国文学史及选读1-2册复习大纲.doc

Part 1 The Anglo—Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期
1. Historical Background
Celts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C.
Anglo—Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D.
Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地
2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学 2 christian基督徒文学 alliterative verse头韵诗
Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot鹿庁，grendel:a monster half-human）
1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写
2) a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic民国史诗
Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期
1. Historical Background
Roman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是norman conquest。
The Norman Conquest in 1066
Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）
Kings—Barons男爵—Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团 was formed
2. The language
Upper classes: French, Latin The common people: Old English
Three languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the common English people.
3.The literature
Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.
It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures.
Subject matter:
Geoffrey’s History杰弗里《史记》，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体
1) the Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士
2) Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝
3) Matter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table
3. main literature
Sir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带）
Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期
1. Historical Background
He was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain.
In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.
The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry
War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD
2. What's middle ages like?
1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.
2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology思想体系
3. Life and work of Chaucer
Chaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family. Chaucer is working in a royal family as a page小侍臣. He married the sister of Gaunt's wife. He became a government official.He is very much exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture. E. G. Dante但丁, Patriarch,主教 Boccaccio-the Decameron薄伽丘著《十日谈》,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌，开创了英国文学以重音-音节为基础的格律诗先河。首创heroic couplet英雄双行体。
His career can be divided into several periods
1. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry
2. Italian 1372-1386
3. English The Canterbury tales
4. The Canterbury tales
He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own way. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to become someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. --Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much
Chaucer has different attitude to different characters
第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shoot
The significance of his writing
1) it gives a comprehensive广泛的 picture of Chaucer’s time
2) the dramatic structure
3) Chaucer’s humor
4) Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.
5. Popular ballads大众民谣
A ballad is a narrative叙述 poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的 incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗）—
two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd
Characteristics:
1) The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introduction of the characters and the background of the tale
2) There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals with a single episode插曲
3) the story is often told through dialogue and action
4) the theme is often tragic悲剧的
5) The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza节，段
在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。
Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔 Get Up and Bar the Door.起来去关门 Sir Patrick Spens派屈克。斯宾塞爵士
Part IV The Renaissance文艺复兴时期
1. Historical Background
1) The reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558_1603)
England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity
2) The defeat of the Spanish Armada舰队 by the English navy in 1588. After the battle, England gradually became a mighty naval海军的power.
3) Humanism人文主义
Renaissance: it is a French word that means “rebirth”复活 in English. In the 15th and 16th century, scholars in western European countries had a keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture. That is the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.忽略
Humanism:
The welfare幸福 of human being is very important. It emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being.
4）主要作者介绍
Thomas More : Utopia托马斯。莫尔：乌托邦
Thomas Wyatt:怀亚特：把sonnet十四行诗引入英国第一人
Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen埃德蒙。斯宾塞：仙后
John Lyly: Eupheus约翰。黎里：艳词，首创euphuism绚丽体
Christopher Marlowe:克里斯托弗。马洛：把blank verse无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者
English drama是英国文艺复兴的主流
2. The writers
William Shakespeare (1564—1616)
1) His life and work
–1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlain’s国王侍从 company, became very famous.
He became a shareholder股东 in the Globe and bought a big house in his hometown. He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地：Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire -2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets
His plays-1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances
The importance of his writing( more can be added)
1) Shakespeare represented the tread脚步 of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.( peace)
2) Shakespeare’s humanism. His plays reflected the spirit of his age.
3He was a great poet
4） He was a master of the English language.
5） His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI
6） Hmalet,哈姆雷特 Othello,奥赛罗 King Lear,李尔王and the Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白 are regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.
Hamblet:讲的是丹麦故事，反映的是英国的事情
主要人物：Claudius克劳迪斯，死去国王的弟弟，Queen Gertrude乔特鲁得：王子的母亲，Polonius波洛琉斯：爱说闲话的官员，Ophelia奥菲利亚：官员的女儿，Laertes雷欧提斯：官员的儿子
The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人
主要人物：Bassanio巴萨尼奥，Antonio安东尼奥，Shylock夏洛克:a wealthy Jew犹太人，Portia鲍西亚：Bassanio’s girlfriend, Jessica杰西卡：shylock’s daughter, Lorenzo罗兰佐：Bassanio’s friend and Jessica’s boyfriend,
Nerissa尼莉莎：Portia’s waiting-woman侍女 ，Gratiano:葛莱西安诺：Bassanio’s another friend and Nerissa’s boyfriend
地点：Belmont贝尔蒙特
Sonnet 18:
The first eight lines: shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?thou art more lovely and more temperat….
--The English summer: warm, not hot, gives people a happy feeling, lots of sunshine
--Proposing a comparison：Even better to a summer’s day
--Rough winds—nature ，The duration持续 of summer: ends very soon ，Hot_ the sun
Summer is beautiful, but it will change into winter，But—change
This poem is similar the Spencer’斯宾塞s sonnets
Spencer is using tide潮水__time，
Shakespeare is using summer—time
Sonnet 29:
The first eight lines: “when ,in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, I all alone…..” unlucky, unfortunate despised by other people
Describes his unfavorable condition, therefore he is very sad.
Line 9-12：The author—the lark云雀
His great happiness—the memory of his friend brings his happiness
--Magical effect
Francis Bacon：十七世纪初，英国的杰出散文家
1. his life：Pope蒲柏 descibed him as the wisest,brightes, meanst of mankind，Bacon’s work may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works. The final edition of essays contains 58 essays.
2. writing
(Of Truth,谈真理 Of Studies 谈读书)
Part V The 17th century The period of revolution and restoration.17世纪资产阶级与王政复辟时期
1. Historical Background
1) English Bourgeois Revolution英国资产阶级革命
During the reign of Elizabeth, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and fast development. James I (Stuart斯图亚特王室), a change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has started during Elizabeth reign, has come into surface. James I imposed担负的 heave taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he controlled the manufacture product__monopoly垄断, but people believed in free trade
King VS. The Parliament (has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans清教徒)
2) the persecution迫害者 of the Puritans
Charles I was beheaded砍头. After the civil War, the parliament was in power—Crowell克罗韦尔 became the Lord君主 Protector (1653) Charles II, and restoration, James II
William Orange singed “ The Bill of Rights” which greatly restricted约束 the power of the English King. The civil war has transformed the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch.
The revolution period is also called puritan age, because the English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak
2，literature
这一时期的四约翰（John Milton弥尔顿，John Bunyan班扬，John Donne多恩，John Dryden德莱顿）成为文坛杰出人物，metaphysical poet玄学派 and French drama的影响成为两个重要的文学概念。The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton, in the prose 散文writing of Bunyan, and also in the plays and literary criticism 文学评论of Dryden. Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic史诗 since Beowolf, the other gave us the only great allegory寓言.
2. Writers
John Donne:玄学派代表人物
John Milton： Paradise Lost失乐园：consists of 12 books（it’s based on the biblical legend ,invovlves Adom亚当 and Eve夏娃, Satan撒旦 in his plot）The character of Satan撒旦：既是英雄又带点邪恶色彩的反叛者形象we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction毁灭 by the flaw缺点 of slef-love.
1. his good mastery熟练 of Latin
His writing of English is much influenced by his use of Latin
2. revolutionary enthusiasm
His attempt to throw tyranny暴政and gain freedom
His language
--Long, complex sentence structures
--Allusions影射, references to Bible, history, mythology神话
--Some sentences begin in the middle or at the end. Some are inverted
John Bunyan
The book: The pilgrim’s Progress天路历程，it’s written in the old-fash-ioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.采用的旧体形式，大量运用了中世纪时的比喻和梦的形式。In the Pilgrim’s Progress, the story begins with a man called Christiam 基督徒setting out with a book in his hand and a great load负荷 on his back from the city of Destruction毁灭城.
The fair-England the persecution迫害 of the faithful, the persecution of the puritans清教徒.
Christ基督---Vanity虚荣心 Fair---Heaven
Style: simple, straightforward, Biblical圣经的
“ The Vanity虚荣心 Fair,” an Excerpt摘录 from Part 1 The Pilgrim’s Progress
Part VI The 18th Century
The Age of Enlightenment in England英国启蒙运动时期
1. Historical Background
In 1688, the constitutional宪法的 monarchy君主制. The monarch was deprived剥夺 of its ruling power and in his place Parliament议会 became the actual leader of the country. England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country.
Parliamentary parties: the liberal Whig自由派辉格党, the conservative Tory保守派托利党， on the extreme of Toryism was a third part of zealots, called the Jacobites ,who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.托利党中的狂热分子形成第三方势力被称作詹姆斯派，妄图恢复斯图亚特王朝
All the struggles, violence has come to an end with the coning of the weak kings. People desire peace and stability
Any extreme actions are regarded as irrational.无理性The puritan’s revolution is treated as extremist action, excessive过度的 zeal热情 and subversion颠覆, irrationality不合理性, absurdity荒谬. People wish that their actions were controlled by reason.
Moderation温和, tolerance宽容, restraint约束, rule规则, order次序, these qualities are the most important.
With the rising of bourgeoisie, the cultural life had undergone经历 remarkable changes. Some special features:
1) political writings
2) newspapers and journals杂志
3) coffeehouse
4) the new morality道德
5) science and technology
Newton牛顿’s scientific discovery—men were living in a mechanistic机械地 world which ran as precisely精确地 as a clock.
6) the French influence
18世纪的英国文学进入了一个散文prose而不是诗歌的时代。文学主流是现实主义，小说是主要的文学样式
Authors
1. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔。笛福
作者介绍：He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.开创了现代派小说的先河。
Work：Hymn to the Pillory立伽颂: a set of doggerel verses打油诗
The life and strange surprising adventures of robinson crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记：robinson named Friday to the saved victim，此书根据Alexander Selkirk经历改编.
The features of his works: he is anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.He often use long sentences without strong paused to give his style an immediate quliaty, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.明朗
2. Jonathan swift乔纳森。斯威夫特
1） life: He was born in Dublin都柏林（爱尔兰首都），He was the most remarkable satirist讽刺家 in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic贵族的 society of his age with mercy.宽容，he supports the conservative Tory
2） works:
the tale of a tub木桶的故事 is a satire on religion.
Gulliver’s Travels格列弗游记：包括4部分1，Lilliputians厘厘普特人：矮人, 2， tBrobdingnagians伯罗白丁拉格人：giants, 3， the flyingisland of Laputa拉普特飞岛：on the island, the ingenious invention is used not for the benefit of the people,but against them, 4，Houyhnhnms胡己姆：horses,endowed with human intelligence and a virtue much superior to that of men.比人聪明，也比人品格高尚。And Yahoo雅虎：repellent creatures with the outward appearance of human beings.长相像人，行为丑陋
A modest proposal一个小小的建议：is made to English government to relieve消除 the poverty权力 of irish people。强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫。The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swift’s great sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at English landlords地主
3）Joseph Addison约瑟夫。爱迪生
Life: he is the central figure of coffeehouse meetings.,he support whigs, 作为The Tatler闲谈者得主要撰稿人和the Spactator旁观者得合办者，他把期刊散文艺术发展到极致。这两本杂志b