英语词汇学知识点总结.doc
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1、Word-formationWord-formation or word-building is that branch of lexicology which studies the patterns on which a language, in this case, the English language, coins new words. Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World War The three major processes of word f
2、ormation:Composition or Compounding Definition: Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Compounding is the most productive word-formation process in contemporary English.Identity crisis 个性危机 stand-up collar 竖领 hit-and-run t
3、actics 打了就跑的战术 spoon-feed 填鸭式灌输, 娇养糊里糊涂 muddle-headed/minded 笨嘴笨舌 heavy-tongued无忧无虑 carefree 饱经风霜weather-beaten/worn 令人心碎 heart-breaking 半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive 不合时宜 ill-timed/badly-timed 批量生产 mass-produceCompounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness. For example, A scho
4、olboy is more concise than “a boy attending school”; “Up-to-the-minute information” is more vivid than “the latest information” ; “The old man would sit for hours, thinking sadly of all the might-have-beens” is more compact and expressive than “thinking sadly of the desirable things that could have
5、happened in the past.”The relative criteria of a compound word Orthographic criterion(书写标准) : Compounds are written in three ways, e.g. solid: airmail; hyphenated: air-conditioning; open: air force, air raid.Phonological criterion(语音标准) : Compound accent: a single stress on the first element; or a m
6、ain stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. E.g. blackboard, blue bottle (a large buzzing fly with blue body)Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and a main stress on the second element. E.g. blue bottle (a bottle which is blue)Semantic crit
7、erion(语义标准) : A compound is a combination forming a unit expressing a single idea. The lexical meaning of the components are closely joined together to create a compound with a meaning which one can easily recognize, e.g. backdoor, sunset, workday. However, the meaning of a compound is not always th
8、e sum of the meanings of its parts, e.g. dog days, flatfoot ( a policeman), greenhouse, greenback (美钞),green-hand(生手), greenroom(演员休息室), mother wit(天生的智力), Indian paper(字典纸).More examples: home letters(家信), home voyage(归程), home life(家庭生活), home affairs(家庭事务),home bird(不爱外出的人), home economics(家政学),
9、home front(大后方), home games(在本地举行的比赛), home help(家务女佣), homemaker(主妇), home plate(棒球的本垒打), home sickness(思家病).Word order: A flower pot (花盆) a pot flower (盆花) tiptoe(脚尖) deaf-mute(聋哑者)Some of them were influenced by French: court martial(军事法庭) ; president elect(当选总统); ambassador designate(尚未上任的大使)Cla
10、ssification of compounds Compounds can be classified according to parts of speech of the compounds. noun compounds : airplane , flower pot adjective compounds: weather-beaten , snowwhite verb compounds: proof-read, baby-sit proposition compounds: notwithstanding, alongside of conjunction compounds:
11、whenever ,whereas pronoun compounds: another , myselfThe three commonest types are noun compounds, adjective compounds, and verb compounds.noun compounds Noun + noun rainwater 雨水; springwater 泉水; houseplants 室内植物;fireball 火球 ; firecracker 鞭炮 ; spacecraft/spaceship 太空船;spacesuits 太空服;mousemat ; 鼠标垫 D
12、ream Team;bar code 条形码; lip service 口头上说得好听的话; information highway 信息高速公路; science fiction 科幻小说; sugar cane 甘蔗;gaslight 煤气灯; Noun + verb daybreak 拂晓; nightfall 夜幕降临;sunset/sunrise 日落, earthquake 地震;landslip/landslide (山体滑坡); headache toothache ;stomachache ;heartbeat drumbeat; footbeat 脚步节拍 ; wingbe
13、at 翅翼振动 ; window-dress 布置橱窗; water-supply 自来水 ; snowfall 降雪量; toothpick 牙签; haircut ; pickpocket ; scarecrow稻草人 ( scare the crow) Verb + noun cry baby (爱哭的婴儿); playboy (花花公子) ;glowworm (发光虫); watch-dog (看家狗), swearword(骂人话), breakwater(防波提), driveway(车道), jump suit(伞兵跳伞服,连衣裤工作服);rattle snake(响尾蛇) Ve
14、rb + adv / prep changeover (转变进程) ; setback (挫折); breakdown (崩溃), show-off(炫耀), slip-up(疏忽,不幸事故), put-off(推迟,搪塞), follow-up(连续广告法)sit-in, dropout, breakdown, walk-on, walkout, setback, take-off Adjective + noun clear-way(超速道路), easy-chair, deadline, hard disk, soft disk,red tape(官样文章) adverb + noun
15、under-clothes(内衣), after-effect(后效,副作用), upgrade(升级), overburden V+ing + noun chewing gum(口香糖), baking powder(发酵粉), reading lamp(台灯), lodging house(分间出租供人休息用的房屋),leading article(社论), working party(作业队) Adverb + verb outlet(出口), upset(颠覆), downfall(垮台,陷落), upstart(暴发户), onflow(滚滚向前)adjective compound
16、s Pre-modifier VS. Post-modifier ( describe a noun phrase or restrict its meaning in some way) Compound modifiers, because of their expressiveness and brevity, are used quite flexibly in current English, especially in journalistic writings. noun + adjective skin-hungry, power-hungry, news-hungry, ca
17、reer-hungry (急于成名的) , bloodthirsty duty-free, tax-free, fat-free, toll-free, maintenance-free, dust-free, interest-free, care-free, ice-free, danger-free, nuclear-weapon-free water-proof, fire-proof, bullet-proof, rain-proof, bomb-proof, vibration-proof air-sick, seasick, car-sick, home-sick, hearts
18、ick (沮丧的) user-friendly, reader-friendly profit-conscious,time-conscious, class-conscious, environment-conscious, security-conscious slap-happy(被打得晕头转向的) boxer, trigger-happy (嗜杀成性的)gangster, travel-happy(对旅游入迷的) accident-prone, crisis-prone (危机四伏的),error-prone, air-tight(不透气的),water-tight, light-ti
19、ght(不透光的), rain-tight work-shy(不愿工作的),camera-shy(怕上镜头的), publicity-shy (不愿出头露面的) color-blind, night-blind blood-weary (厌战的),travel-weary(旅途劳累的) stone-deaf, skin-deep, snow-white, ice-cold, knee-deep, paper-thin, mirror-bright, feather-light, fire-hot, crystal-clear, waist-high, shoulder-high, life-l
20、ong, grass-green, dog-tired, threadbare(穿旧的) college-bound/preparatory (准备考大学的),labor-short (缺乏劳动力的),top-heavy(头重脚轻的),penny-wise(小事聪明的) , oven-fresh (刚出炉的) line-dry(一晾就干的),world-famous adjective + adjective wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, white-hot, bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, shabby-genteel(穷酸的),dead-ali
21、ve(半死不活的),dark-blue, deep-blue, light-blue, pale-blue, bright-red, bloody-red, yellow-green, yellowish-green,social-political V+ing + adjective steaming-hot/smoking-hot (滚烫的,热气腾腾的),soaking-wet/wringing-wet(湿淋淋的,湿得可拧出水来的),biting-cold/freezing-cold (冷得刺骨的,冰冷的) Adverb/Prep + adjective ever-victorious (
22、战无不胜的),over-cautious, all-round (全面的), far-reaching (深远的,广泛的),evergreen (tree), wide-awake (机警的),over-sensitive, over-anxious, under-ripe (不成熟的),too-rapid noun +V+ing peace-loving, time/space/energy/labor-saving, time-consuming, summer-flowering(夏季开花的), ocean-going (远洋的), fault-finding, record-break
23、ing, heart-breaking, hair-raising, side-splitting (令人捧腹的),thirst-quenching (解渴的),man-eating noun + V+ed heart-felt(衷心的), air-born(空降的,空运的), home-made, travel-worn(旅行得疲乏的), hen-pecked, book-filled, poverty-stricken, weather-beaten, thunder-struck, suntanned adjective/adverb + V+ing fresh-frozen(速冻的),
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