成人高考专升本英语串讲资料.doc
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成人高考专升本英语串讲资料 资料仅供参考 成人高考专升本英语串讲 第一节 概 念 一、开音节 以发音的元音字母结尾、以“元音字母+不发音的e”结尾、以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e”结尾的音节都叫开音节。 如:no, be, note。 ★发音的元音字母:a, e, i, o, u 二、闭音节 以“一个元音字母+一个或几个辅音字母(r除外)”结尾的音节叫闭音节。 如:map, plan, west。 三、r音节 以“元音字母+r”构成的音节叫r音节。 如:car, doctor, teacher, dirty。 词汇与语法 第一节 名 词(null) 大纲要求掌握: 一、可数名词与不可数名词 二、可数名词的复数形式 三、名词的所有格 四、名词在句子中的作用 一、可数名词与不可数名词 名词分可数与不可数两种。 可数名词表示某类人或东西中的个体。如table, country。 或表示若干个体组成的集合体。如 family, people, committee, police。 不可数名词表示无法分为个体的实物。如air, tea, furniture, water。 或表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。如work, information, advice, happiness。 有些名词在一种场合下是可数名词,在另一种场合下是不可数名词。 如room 房间(可数),空间(不可数) time 时间(不可数),次数(可数) fish 鱼(不可数),各种各样的鱼(可数) 比较下列例句: There are nine rooms in the house. (房间,可数名词) There isnt enough room for us three in the car . (空间,不可数名词) 不可数名词的数量能够经过在其前面加单位词来表示。 如: 一块肉 a piece of meat 两条长面包 two loaves of bread 三件家具 three articles of furniture 一大笔钱 a large sum of money 二、可数名词的复数形式 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词复数的构成如下: 1.一般情况下在名词后加-s。如:girls, books。 ★浊辅音、元音结尾,s发[z] 2.以s, x , ch, sh结尾的词在名词后加-es。如:glasses, boxes, matches, bushes。 ★以s, x , ch, sh结尾,es发[iz] 3.“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,变y为i再加-es。如:city-cities, country-countries。 4.以o结尾的词多数加-es。如:heroes, tomatoes, potatoes。 radios, zoos, photos, pianos, kilos 例外。 5.f, fe 结尾的词,多数变f,fe为v再加-es。如:thief-thieves, leaf-leaves, half-halves, life-lives, wife-wives, knife-knives。 少数名词有不规则的复数形式。如:man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, child-children, mouse-mice。 ★可数名词复数一般情况下考不规则复数形式。 个别名词的单数和复数的形式是一样的。如Chineses, Japanese, sheep, deer。 三、名词的所有格 名词的所有格表示所属关系, 起形容词的作用。 当名词表示有生命的东西时,所有格一般是在词尾加 s 。 如:Jeans room, my daughter-in-laws friends, my daughters-in-laws friends, childrens books。 如果名词已经有了复数词尾s, 则只需加。如:the teachers books, my parents car。 时间名词的所有格在后面加s ,复数加 。如:todays newspaper, five minutes walk。 当名词表示无生命的东西时,所有格常由“of”短语构成。 如:the top of the world, the cover of the book, Chinas capital。 加 s 或 的名词所有格能够表示店铺或某人的家。 如:the grocers, the tailors, the Smiths 。 ★名词所有格考试常见部分是 名词表示没有生命的东西时,不能直接在其后加s。 时间名词所有格在其后加s,或复数名词后直接加。 四、名词在句子中的作用 名词在句子中能够作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语,有时能够作状语。 名词、代词或其它结构作主语时,谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。 1.主语是可数名词单数时,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。 All roads lead to Rome。(条条大路通罗马。) His brother is an industrial engineer。 The number of the students attending the party is increasing。 ★the number of 表示数量,无论后面名词是复数还是单数,谓语动词是单数形式。 Two-thirds of the shop belongs to me。 ★two-thirds 三分之二 几分之几作主语,谓语是单数形式。 belong to 属于某人 Both of us are studying English。 ★总结:在名词作主语时,the number of 谓语动词单数形式; 几分之几,谓语单数形式; both 谓语使用复数形式。 2、主语是不可数名词、不定式或动名词词组、从句时,谓语动词用单数形式。 All the money he received was given to his mother。 Forgetting the past means betrayal。 What we are talking now is useless。 3.主语部分若有as well as, with, together with, like, but, except等短语,谓语动词的单、复数与短语前面的名词一致。 Mary, as well as her two sisters, is a student of this school。 (as well as her two sisters 作主语Mary的主语补足语,主语 Mary 是单数,因此谓语动词用复数形式) No one except my friends knows anything about it。 4.表示时间、距离、重量、价值等的复数名词作主语时,如果当作整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式。“…+(×)…=…”算式中的谓语动词也用单数形式。 Three times two is six。 Three kilometers is 3,ooo metres. (three kilometers作为整体来看) 5.Either, neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 第二节 冠 词(1-4~2-2) 大纲要求: 1、不定冠词的基本用法 2、定冠词的基本用法 3、不加冠词的基本规则以及冠词的习惯用法 冠词是一种虚词,只能附着在名词上帮助说明名词的含义。 冠词分为定冠词(the)和不冠词(a或an)两类,定冠词表示特指,不定冠词表示泛指。 a用于读音以辅音开头的词前面,an用于读音以元音开头的词前面。 如:a university, a useful book, an umbrella, a horse, an honest man。 一、不定冠词的基本用法 1.表示“一”的含义。 Give me a pen please。 We go shopping twice a week。 2.泛指某个人或东西。 Yesterday we visited an English secondary school。 She picked up a magazine and began to read。 3.表示一类人或东西。 He works as a language teacher in that university。 As a writer, he is successful。 Even a child can answer this question。 可数名词单数出现,泛指用不定冠词,特指用定冠词。一个可数名词的单数不能自己单独出现。 二、定冠词的基本用法 1.表示特定的人或东西。 Give me the magazine。 Have you decided on the prices yet? The book on the table is an English dictionary。 Beijing is the capital of China。 2.复述前文提到的人或东西。 Last week, I saw a flim. The film is about a love story between two middle-aged people。 The old man saw a house in the field. He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing。 3.用于形容词前面,代表一类人或东西。 the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the wounded 受伤的人 the sick 生病的人 the beautiful 美丽的事物 the old 老年人 the young 年青人 4.用于表示世界上独一无二的东西的名词前面。 the moon, the sun, the earth The moon moves aroud the earth。 We have friends all over the world。 Dont build castles in the air。 5.用于序数词、方位名词、形容词与副词的最高级前面,副词最高级前面的the 能够省略。 January is the first month of the year。 The sun rises in the east。 Japan lies to the east of China。 Beijing lies in the north of China。 Ireland lies on the Great Britain。 At the Childrens Palace, some children learn to play the piano, others learn to play the violin。 Last week we went to the theatre。 Among the three girls she speaks English the best。 “东、南、西、北”作副词时,前面不加冠词。 We are walking south。 形容词最高级前若有物主代词,就不加定冠词。 Monday is my busiest day。 6.用于姓氏的复数形式前,表示一家人或夫妇俩。 The Lius have moved to Guangzhou。 The Simths came to China for visit in 1996. 7.不可数名词前面一般不加定冠词,但若有限制性定语修饰,或表示特定部分、特定内容时,前面需加定冠词。 Drink some water。 Is the water in the well fit for drink? What do you think of the music? He cant take the advice his mother gives him。 三、不加冠词的基本规则 1.季节、月份、日期前一般不加冠词。 If winter comes can spring be far behind? We have few classes on Sunday。 10.1 is National Day。 2.表示球类、棋类、三顿饭的名词前一般不加冠词,但乐器前需加定冠词。 What did you have for lunch? Dinner is ready。 Lets go and watch them play chess。 My elder brother likes to play football。 The boys are learnig to play the guitar。 play the piano play the violin 3.有些固定词组中的名词前不加冠词。 at noon at night at dawn at midnight in the morning in the afternoon in the evening in the daytime in town in front of (at the back of) at distance (in the distance) as a whole on the whole to catch cold to have a cold 冠词考试重点 冠词所占比例不大,一般是1分或2分。 1、什么时候加定冠词。 2、可数名词单数出现,必须用a或an或定冠词修饰,不能单独出现。 3、什么情况下,不用加冠词。 冠词易考: 1、冠词修饰名词。 Please go _____ upstairs after you have finished the lunch。 upstairs是副词,前面不需要加冠词。 2、可数名词单数泛指,前面加不定冠词。an用于读音以元音开头的单词前。 Reading English story books is a good way of improving your English。 I have been waiting for him for half an hour。 3、名词特指时,前面加定冠词。 He is enjoying his stay in Denmark, but has some difficulty with the language。 Is the water from the tap fit for drink? 4、可数名词的复数和不可数名词泛指,前面不加冠词;大部分专有名词前也不加冠词。 As we know, the most dangerous enemies are those who pretend to be friends。 They left for work after supper。 The film includes some recently discovered newsreels of World War II 。(the Sencond World War) 5、冠词在固定词组中的特定用法。 Without any news from Tom for a long time, his father left for Shanghai to see him。 They will travel by air。 I will help you for the sake of your sister。(for the sake of 因为) I will go to school on foot。 My mother is in hospital。 He has been in prison for two years。 典型例题 1. ______ film includes some recently discovered newsreels of _______ World War II。 A. The; the B. A; the C. The; / D. A; / World War II是专有名词 答案:C 2. Can you play _____? A. piano B. pianos C. a piano D. the piano 答案:D 3. “Youve been very busy lately。” “So busy I havent had time to clean my house. There is _____ wherever you look。” A. dust B. a dust C. the dust D. dusts dust 是不可数名词 答案:A 4. The station? Take the second turning _______。 A. to left then go straight on B. on the left, then go straight on C. to left, then go right forward D. to the left, then go right forward on the left 在左边 答案:B 5. My mother usually has _____ bed。 A. the breakfast B. breakfast in C. the breakfast in the D. breakfast in the in bed 躺在床上 答案:B in the bed 在床里面 6. He stole the money and they put him _________。 A. at prison B. at the prison C. in prison D. in the prison in prison 进监狱 答案:C 7. Even on Sundays, fewer people go to ______ church than before。 A. the B. a C. / D. that go to church 去教堂 go to school 去学校 go to bed 上床睡觉 go to college 去大学 答案:C 8. _________ look much alike。 A. Smiths sisters B. Smith sisters C. Two Smith sisters D. The Smith sisters 表示一家人,前面加 the 答案 D 代 词(2-2~3-3) 包括 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词及其用法。 一、人称代词 人称代词有第一、第二、第三人称和单数、复数之分,在句子中能够作主语和宾 语。英语中有下列人称代词: 在并列的主语或宾语中,I或me 一般放在后面。如: Liping and I are in charge of the work。 My farther asks my sister and me to have dinner with him tomorrow。 二、物主代词 物主代词有形容词型与名词型之分。形容词型物主代词在句子中作定语,名词型物主代词在句子中主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语(接在of 后面)。英语中有下列物主代词: 名词型的物主代词相当于形容词型的物主代词加上上文出现的名词。如: My bag is yellow, his(his bag) is black and theirs(their bags) are brown。 三、反身代词 英语中有下列反身代词: 反身代词在句子中能够作宾语、表语、同位语等。如: Please help yourself to some tea。(宾语) The boy is too young to look after himself。(宾语) Ill be myself again in no time。(表语) The desk itself is not so heavy. (同位语) I fixed the door myself. (同位语) 四、指示代词 指示代词包括this, that, these, those 和such,在句子中能够作主语、定语、表语、宾语等(such不作宾语)。 that和those有时分别用来代表前面提到的不可数名词和名词复数,以避免重复。而可数名词单数往往用the one 或that one 来代替。用the one 的时候更多一些。如: These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 生产 The oil output of this year is much higher than that of last year. 产量 The best wine is that from France。 My room is lighter than the one next door。 Ill take the seat next to the one by the window。 The film is more funny than that one。 that 能够指上面提到的事情,this指下面要谈的事情。如: They have no time to read the books. Thats their trouble。 She was ill yesterday. Thats why she was absent。 I want to know this: How much money we have left? What I want to say is this: Pronunciation is very important in learning English。 this 和that 有时还能够用来表示程度。如: I dont want that much。 He is not that wise。 The book is about this thick。 五。疑问代词 疑问代词包括what, which, who, whom, whose, 能够用来构成特殊疑问句,也能够引导名词从句。 What, which, who在句子中作主语或宾语,whom作宾语,whose作定语。如: Who is speaking? (主语) Which do you prefer, the yellow one or the white one? (宾语) Whats your sister?(表语) The man who is talking with my mother is an engineer。(引导定从句) The old man whose son is studying abroad is our formal dean of the department. (引导定从句) This is the plane which will fly to Wuhan this afternoon. (引导定从句) I dont remember whom I have lent my dictionary to. (引导宾语从句) 疑问代词what, which, who, whom后面能够加ever来加重语气。如: Whoever can be calling at this time of the night ?谁这么深更半夜来找人? Ill say whatever comes into my head。 Take whichever book you like。 六。不定代词 不定代词包括both, either, neither, all, none, no, one, each, every, few, a few, little, a little, many, much, some, any, other, another, 以及some, any, no, every构成的合成代词。 (一)both, either, neither both 表示“两者(都)”,either表示“(两者之中)任何一个”,neither表示“(两者之中)没有一个”。三个词在句子中都能够作主语、宾语、定语,both还能够作同位语。 My sister is good at planning her time so that she always has enough time for both work and play。(be good at 擅长做某事) Neither of the answers is right。 Either of the books belongs to you。 You and I are both to blame。 You both agreed to stay。 Both 放在实意动词前,系动词be 的后面。 (二)all, none, no, one all和none用于三者以上的场合,分别表示“全部都”和“一个都没有”,none往往与of连用。 All of us are fond of sports。(be fond of 爱好) We are all for him。(be for sb 支持某人) Grasp all, lose all. 什么都抓,什么都抓不住。(谚) None of them know how to read and write。 A friend to all is a friend to none. 滥交者无友。(谚) None of us are perfect。 None of them has had that kind of experience。 no表示“没有”,在句子中只能作定语,相当于not a 或not any,not否定动词,no否定名词。 Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。(谚) No man is born wise. 没有人是生来聪明的。(谚) Im no dancer. (Im not a dancer。) one 指代上文提到的人或物,前面能够加定冠词,能够有自己的定语,还能够有复数形式。 Your answer is a good one。 I dont like coloured envelopes. I like white ones。 I havent got a raincoat. Ill have to buy one。 (三)each, every each 和every表示“每一个”,every 在句子中只能作定语,each 能够作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。 The headmaster shook hands with each of the teacher。(shake hands with 握手) The students try to set aside a little money each month。(set aside 节约) From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs(work)。各尽所能,按需分配。 I have every reason to believe that she can finish the job well。 There is every possibility of our winning the game。 every 还常见在every little while (每隔一会),every other day, every three days(每隔两天),every ten miles(每隔十英里), every now and then (不时),every four years, every other line, one out of every three students。 (四)few, a few, little, a little, many, much few, a few, many 修饰或指代可数名词,little, a little, much修饰或指代不可数名词。few, little表示否定,a few, a little表示肯定,much常见于否定句中。 Many hands make light work. 人多好办事。(谚) Few words are best. 话少最好。(谚) They don‘t take much interest in it。 I know little about it。 There‘s a little water left in the jar。 Few of them have been to India。 I‘ve read a few books written by Dickens。 (五)other, the other, others, the others, another Forty people came to the meeting. Two of them were from Japan, the others from America。 Many people came to attend the meeting. Some were from Japan, others were from America。 The United States, unlike many other countries, receives a large number of immigrants every year from all over the world。 The twin sisters are so alike that we find it difficult to tell one from the other。(so……that 如此以至于 tell sb. from 区分) Some students are watering the flowers, others are weeding the fields。 The task will be finished in another three days。 Four of them are in the classroom. What about the others? Please give me another example to illustrate your point。 There are three apples on the table. One is for my mother, another is for my father and the third is for me。 七、it的用法 1.指代一个人或事物。 Its only a fifteen-minute ride to my school。 It often rains in the south of China。 “Whos that?” “Its Liming。” Its early spring。 2.作句子的形式主语,代替不定式、动名词或从句。 It took me five minutes to finish reading the exercise。 It cost me five yuan to buy the pen。 The color TV set costs me more than 2,000 yuan。 I spent ten hours in finishing the work。 I spent twenty yuan on the shirt。 It is no use crying now. Youd better study hard now。(it is no use doing sth. ) To his surprise, it turned out that Tom failed the entrance examination。(to ones surprise 使某人感到惊奇) Its a pity that you didnt watch the match。 It is necessary for us to have some exercise every day。 3.作句子的形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词或从句。 They all regard it their duty to help the poor people。 I dont think it worthwhile taking so much trouble。(Its worthwhile doing. 做……事是值得的) We find it difficult to lea- 配套讲稿:
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4、如你看到网页展示的文档有www.zixin.com.cn水印,是因预览和防盗链等技术需要对页面进行转换压缩成图而已,我们并不对上传的文档进行任何编辑或修改,文档下载后都不会有水印标识(原文档上传前个别存留的除外),下载后原文更清晰;试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓;PPT和DOC文档可被视为“模板”,允许上传人保留章节、目录结构的情况下删减部份的内容;PDF文档不管是原文档转换或图片扫描而得,本站不作要求视为允许,下载前自行私信或留言给上传者【精****】。
5、本文档所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用;网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽--等)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。
6、文档遇到问题,请及时私信或留言给本站上传会员【精****】,需本站解决可联系【 微信客服】、【 QQ客服】,若有其他问题请点击或扫码反馈【 服务填表】;文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等,请点击“【 版权申诉】”(推荐),意见反馈和侵权处理邮箱:1219186828@qq.com;也可以拔打客服电话:4008-655-100;投诉/维权电话:4009-655-100。
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2、文档的总页数、文档格式和文档大小以系统显示为准(内容中显示的页数不一定正确),网站客服只以系统显示的页数、文件格式、文档大小作为仲裁依据,个别因单元格分列造成显示页码不一将协商解决,平台无法对文档的真实性、完整性、权威性、准确性、专业性及其观点立场做任何保证或承诺,下载前须认真查看,确认无误后再购买,务必慎重购买;若有违法违纪将进行移交司法处理,若涉侵权平台将进行基本处罚并下架。
3、本站所有内容均由用户上传,付费前请自行鉴别,如您付费,意味着您已接受本站规则且自行承担风险,本站不进行额外附加服务,虚拟产品一经售出概不退款(未进行购买下载可退充值款),文档一经付费(服务费)、不意味着购买了该文档的版权,仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用,不得用于商业用途,未经授权,严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等,侵权必究。
4、如你看到网页展示的文档有www.zixin.com.cn水印,是因预览和防盗链等技术需要对页面进行转换压缩成图而已,我们并不对上传的文档进行任何编辑或修改,文档下载后都不会有水印标识(原文档上传前个别存留的除外),下载后原文更清晰;试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓;PPT和DOC文档可被视为“模板”,允许上传人保留章节、目录结构的情况下删减部份的内容;PDF文档不管是原文档转换或图片扫描而得,本站不作要求视为允许,下载前自行私信或留言给上传者【精****】。
5、本文档所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用;网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽--等)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。
6、文档遇到问题,请及时私信或留言给本站上传会员【精****】,需本站解决可联系【 微信客服】、【 QQ客服】,若有其他问题请点击或扫码反馈【 服务填表】;文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等,请点击“【 版权申诉】”(推荐),意见反馈和侵权处理邮箱:1219186828@qq.com;也可以拔打客服电话:4008-655-100;投诉/维权电话:4009-655-100。
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