2018考研英语真题和翻译.doc

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2017 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题
Section I Use of English Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered
blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)
Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a
resounding “yes! ”1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care
about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body
and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4
getting sick this winter .
In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social
support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants s’usceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who
perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold,
the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had
less severe 12 .
“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for
colds that ’s usuall1y4 with stress, ” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of
psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and h e1l p5s the
feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty . ”
Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of
hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding h1o8rmone ”
it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and
their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of
the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19
in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology .
1 [A] Besides [B] Unlike [C] Throughout [D] Despite
2 [A] equal [B] restricted [C] connected [D] inferior
3 [A] view [B] host [C] lesson [D] choice
4 [A] avoid [B] forget [C] recall [D] keep
5 [A] collecting [B] affecting [C] guiding [D] involving
6 [A] on [B] in [C] at [D] of
7 [A] devoted [B] attracted [C] lost [D] exposed
8 [A] along [B] across [C] down [D] out
9 [A] imagined [B] denied [C] doubted [D] calculated
10 [A] served [B] restored [C] explained [D] required
11 [A] Thus [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Even
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12 [A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] errors [D] tests
13 [A] highlighted [B] increased [C] controlled [D] minimized
14 [A] presented [B] equipped [C] associated [D] compared
15 [A] assess [B] generate [C] moderate [D] record
16 [A] in the name [B] in the form [C] in the face [D] in the way
of of of of
17 [A] attribute [B] commit [C] transfer [D] return
18 [A] unless [B] because [C] though [D] until
19 [A] remains [B] emerges [C] vanishes [D] decreases
20 [A] experiences [B] combines [C] justifies [D]influences
拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗？答案也许是响亮的“是的” 。除了能帮助你感
到和自己在乎的人关系亲密之外， 事实证明拥抱还可以给你的身心健康带来许多
好处。不管你信不信，温暖的拥抱在冬天可以帮助你避免生病。
最近，宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆大学的研究人员对超过 400 名健康成年人进
行了研究。他们在让这些实验对象接触感冒病毒后，检测了“感觉到社会支持”
和“受到别人拥抱” 这两点对他们患上常见感冒的敏感性的影响。 感觉到更多社
会支持的人更不容易患感冒， 研究人员推算出， 这种对健康的有益影响， 大约有
32%是由拥抱所产生的减压效果所带来的。甚至在已经患上感冒的人群中，感觉
得到更多社会支持和频繁得到拥抱的人的症状也更轻。
“拥抱可以保护那些处于压力之下的人免受与压力有关的、 愈发增加的感冒
的风险，”来自卡内基大学的心理学教授谢尔登· 科恩观察道。拥抱“能制造亲
密，也能帮助产生面对困难时，有人来帮助你的感觉。 ”
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一些专家将拥抱所产生的减缓压力的健康好处归因于拥抱所释放的催生素，
其通常被称为“结合激素” ，因为它能促进依附关系，包括母亲与新生婴儿之间
的依附关系。催生素主要产生在大脑的中低部，其有一部分会被释放进血液里。
但还有一部分会留在大脑里，影响人们的情绪、行为及生理。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text
by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET . (40
points)
Text 1
First two hours, now three hours —this is how far in advance authorities
are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at
some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.
Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in
return for increased safety . The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists
may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why . But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too
little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it
should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans ’ economic and private lives, not
to mention infuriating.
Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a
secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons —
both fake and real —past airport security nearly every time they
tried.Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline
travel due to the improving economy and and low oil prices, have resulted in
long waits at major airports such as Chicago ’s O ’Hare International.It is not
yet clear how much more effective airline security has become —but the lines
are obvious.
Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep
increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on
the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for
screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to
overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the
airlines strongly dispute this.
There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck
program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA.
Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited
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screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risks,
saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in
PreCheck.
It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background
checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck ’s fatal flaw.
Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But
Congress should look into doing so directly , by helping to finance PreCheck
enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.
The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck
lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long
past time to make the program work.
21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to________.
[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide
[B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports
[C] explain Americans ’ tolerance of current security checks [D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection
22. Which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?
[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags
[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA
[C] An increase in the number of travelers
[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks
23. The word “expedited ” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning _to_______.
[A] faster
[B] quieter
[C] wider
[D] cheaper
24. One problem with the PreCheck program is___________.
[A] A dramatic reduction of its scale
[B] Its wrongly-directed implementation
[C] The government ’s reluctance to back it
[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Less Screening for More Safety
[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution
[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines
[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes
Text 1
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以前是 2 小时，现在是 3 小时——这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场赶
国内航班的时间， 至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的， 因为安检队伍正变得越
来越长。
美国人现在愿意忍受费时的安检程序， 以换取更高的安全性。 被恐怖分子袭
击而坠入地中海的埃及航空 804 号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提醒。
但是对飞机乘客要求太多或者在安全保障方面的成效不足反过来又会降低公众
对这一程序的支持。其就会演变成：浪费的时间耽误了美国的经济和私人生活，
也会使乘客感到愤怒。
去年，美国运输安全管理局在一次秘密检查中发现， 管理局的便衣调查员在
尝试偷运武器的时候（无论真假） ，屡次通过了安检。随后，机场加强了安检措
施，同时经济复苏和低油价也导致了国际航班的增加， 这些因素就导致包括芝加
哥奥黑尔国际机场在内的主要机场的安检队伍变长。 目前，安检措施是否变得更
加有效尚不得而知，但安检队伍确实变长了。
导致这一问题的部分原因是政府没有预料到乘飞机出行的乘客数量会猛增，
所以美国运输安全管理局现在正紧锣密鼓地在各机场增加新的安检人员。 另一个
原因是，机场只有这么多空间，能容下的安检队伍有限。还有一个因素可能是，
越来越多的人想要过度打包他们的随身行李以避免行李安检费用， 尽管航空公司
对此强烈反对。
美国运输安全管理局可以采取的一个不需要改造机场或仓促招聘人员的措
施，那就是鼓励更多的乘客参加预检项目。 预检对游客和美国运输安全管理局而
言是双赢的选择。 通过背景检查的乘客有资格使用快速安检通道。 这能使美国运
输安全管理局能重点检查具有高风险的乘客， 从而节省了其他人的时间。 美国运
输安全管理局计划将 2500 万乘客纳入预检项目。
然而，这一计划还未达到预期目标， 其中的一个主要原因就是定价太高。 乘
客必须每五年支付 85 美元进行背景审核。从一开始这一价格就是预检项目的重
大缺陷。接下来的改革也许会把价格调整到合理的水平。 但是国会应该通过资助
预检项目或以别的方式来降低成本的方式直接参与到价格调整中去。
在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排队的痛苦之时， 美国运输安全管理局不能继
续将资源投入到未充分使用的预检通道中去了。 要想让预检项目真的开始起作用，
那还需要很长的时间。
Text 2
“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers, ” wrote Queen Liliuokalani,
Hawaii ’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most
esteemed members of Hawaiian society . Sadly, all is not well with astronomy
in Hawaii today . Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter
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Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize
humanit y’s view of the cosmos.
At issue is the TMT ’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano
worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands
to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world ’msost
powerful teles copes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’speak rises
above the bulk of our planet ’dsense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity .
Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal
group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as
disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what
was once a sovereign nation.
Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.In their
eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way
of understanding the world.They did not always prioritize the protection of
Mauna Kea’sfragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island ’inshabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a
renaissance today .
Yet science has a cultural history , too, with roots going back to the dawn
of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that
first brought early Polynesians to Haw aii ’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to
ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and
Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where
we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the
starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true
ancestral homes.
The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of
Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope ’s visibility
around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.T o
limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the
end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no
reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their
cultural heritage and to study the stars.
26. Queen Liliuokalani ’s remark in Paragraph 1 indic_a_t_e_s_____.
[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy
[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society
[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times
[D] her appreciation of star watchers ’ feats in her time
27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to__________.
[A] its geographical features
[B] its protective surroundings
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[C] its religious implications
[D] its existing infrastructure
28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly
because________.
[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life [B] it reminds them of a humiliating history
[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival [D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea
29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today ’s astronomy
__________.
[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians
[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world
[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture
[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians ’ hostility
30. The author ’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one
of________.
[A] severe criticism
[B] passive acceptance
[C] slight hesitancy [D] full approval
Text 2
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“古时候的夏威夷人是天文学家， ”夏威夷最后一任执政君主利留卡拉尼女
王在 1897 年写道。观星宿者过去是夏威夷社会中最受尊敬的人物。悲哀的是，
现在的夏威夷不再如此。 一座有望改变人类宇宙观的巨大天文台 “30 米望远镜”
的修建计划引发了激烈的抗议。
抗议的焦点是 30 米望远镜在冒纳凯阿火山计划的选址，该休眠火山被一些
夏威夷人供奉为阳光， 其将夏威夷岛屿连接至天堂。 但冒纳凯阿火山也是一些世
界上功能最强大的望远镜的所在地。 处于大西洋之中， 冒纳凯阿火山的顶峰可以
远远升到我们星球的浓密大气层之上， 那里的地质条件可以使天文望远镜获得无
比清晰的图像。
反对在冒纳凯阿火山上建造望远镜并非新鲜事。 一小部分直言不讳的夏威夷
人和环保主义者长期以来都认为这些望远镜的存在是对这片神圣土地的不尊重，
同时也是对“夏威夷曾经作为主权国家却被占领”这一痛苦事实的提醒。
一些人指责道， 天文学家也对现在的争议负有一定的责任。 他们渴望建造更
大的天文望远镜， 却忘了科学不是了解世界的唯一方式。 他们没有始终将对冒纳
凯阿火山脆弱生态系统的保护和捍卫该火山对岛屿居民的神圣意义置于优先位
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置。夏威夷文明不是历史遗产，今日，它是正在复兴的生动文化。
然而，科学也有文化史， 其根源可以追溯至文明诞生之初。 抱着希望发现地
平线之外东西的好奇心， 早期的波利尼西亚人首次踏上了夏威夷海岸， 而同样的
好奇心则鼓舞今天的天文学家去探索天堂。 那些要求拆除冒纳凯阿火山上所有望
远镜或禁止未来所有发展的呼吁忽视了一个事实， 那就是天文学和夏威夷文化都
在探寻解答有关于我们是谁、我们来自哪里以及我们到哪里去这样的宏大问题。
也许这就是我们探索繁星天空的原因， 好像我们正在回应一个原始的召唤， 去了
解我们自己以及我们真正的祖先起源。
天文学界正在做出妥协， 他们改变了对冒纳凯阿火山的使用方式。 他们在岛
上选了一个尽可能隐蔽的地方来修建 30 米望远镜观望台，并尽可能避免对考古
和环境造成影响。 为了限制冒纳凯阿火山上望远镜的数量， 旧的望远镜在达到使
用年限时就会被移除， 并让它们的原址回归到自然状态。 因此， 任何人都应被欢
迎在冒纳凯阿火山拥抱他们的文化遗产，研究天空的繁星。
Text 3
Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country ’s GDP measures “everything
except that which makes life worthwhile. ” With Britain voting to leave the
European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a
timely moment to assess what he was referring to.
The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for
over half a century . Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the
UK’sGDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then
why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about
what it could do to their country no’mics percoospects?
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth
into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries
measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic
growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather
than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health,
education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more
rounded assessment of how countries are performing.
While all of these countries face their own challenges,there are a
number of consistent themes.Yes,there has been a budding economic
recovery since the 2008 global crash,but in key indicators in areas such as
health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this
isn