人教版高一英语必修3UNIT4知识点总结.doc

荷香书苑王老师高一必修3UNIT4
UNIT 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
Words
solar system planet circle astronomy origin religion
widely theory universe atoms billion dust solid
globe violent explode carbon vapor nitrogen
produce atmosphere appear surface unlike obvious
fundamental presence dissolve harmful acids chain
reaction extremely multiplied oxygen encourage development shellfish insect amphibians reptiles huge dinosaurs
exist rise mammal spread thus dioxide remove
puzzle presence chemistry planet gravity evidence
satellite violent shocked gentle rude biology prove
discovery physicist supply decrease species extinct
climate concern disappear spaceship force escape
pull lessen float weight painful frightening
amazed increase exhausting structure theory situation
crash
Phrases:
in all directions combine to settle into in time cool down
fill....with as well as lay eggs remain a mystery give birth to
in one’s turn prevent...from as a result of depend on no longer
die out block out crash into dozens of fall back to
cheer up twice as far as fall over now that get the hang of
step forward break out pay attention to watch out be make up of
be fundamental to begin with in all directions according to
watch out for 密切注意；当心；提防
Grammar:
1.What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid. (随后）它变成什么没人知道，知道38~45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。
be to do
1)“将要做某事”指预先安排好的计划或约定
2)表示义务、命令、禁止或可能性等，意思接近于should,must,have to
3)表示将来必然要发生的事，意为“注定......”
(2010全国高考)The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune_________
A.is made B.would make C.was to be made D.had made
2. The earth become so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 地球变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
句法分析：本句是So...that....句型，that引导的结果状语从句中又包含一个主语从句，其中it是形式主语，whether the shape would last or not 是真正的主语。
violent:adj.暴力的；强暴的；猛烈的；激烈的
拓展：
a violent crime / behavior 暴力犯罪/行为
a violent storm 暴风骤雨
do violent to...对....施暴；歪曲（事实）
take ....by violence 抢夺
with violence 强烈地，强有力地；用暴力
3.They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen,water vapor and other gases,which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.最终产生二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。
句法分析：which 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为carbon dioxide,nitrogen,water vapor and other gases.
in time
1) 终于；迟早；最后
2) 及时，来得及（用作此意是，in time后常跟for sth 或to do sth.)
拓展：
at no time 任何时间都不 at a time 每次，一次
at one time曾经，一度 at the sane time 同时，然而
at times有时，时常（=sometimes=for time to time)
in no time立刻 ahead of time提前
all the time 一直，始终 on time按时，准时
for the time being 暂时 once upon a time从前
take one，time从容进行 kill time消磨时间
(2013陕西高考)The manager wants to see changes in the company,and I am sure he will ______________.
A.in particular B.in turn C.in change D.in time
(2012江苏高考)---Thank God you’re safe! -----I stepped back,just ___________to avoid the racing car.
4. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. 水对生命的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。
be fundamental to 对...必不可少/至关重要 fundamental adj.基本的，基础的
be similar to 与...相似
be harmful to对...有害
be important to 对...来说是重要的
翻译：
有些专家认为，阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。(2015安徽高考)

5. What many scientist believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.很多科学家相信；地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
be harmful to...对...有害（=do harm to）
harmless adj.无害的 be harmless to 对...无害
harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to 对...有害
harm n.伤害，损害 do harm to sb=do sb harm 对某人有害
学法点播：有些单词其词性的变化形式和harm类似，如：care→careful（小心的）→careless（粗心的）→carelessness（n粗心）
hope→hopeful（有希望的）→hopeless（没有希望的）→hopelessness(n绝望）
help→helpful（有帮助的）→helpless（无助的）→helplessness（n无可奈何）
(2010浙江高考)Many lifestyle patterns do such__________great harm to earth that they actually speed up__________weakening of the human body.
A.a;/ B./;the C.a;the D./;/
6. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen ,which encourage the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.它们繁殖起来使得海洋充满了氧气，这为早期的贝类及各种鱼类后来的进化创造了条件。
multiply v.繁殖；成倍增加；迅速增加；乘；乘以
链接：
add v.加；增加；添加 plus prep.加上
subtract v.减；减去；扣除 minus prep.减去
2+2=4 Two plus/added to two is four.
4-2=2 Four minus two is two.
Two subtracted from four is two.
2×2=4 Two times/multiplied by two is four.
4÷2=2 Four divided by two is two.
7. Later when the plants grew into forests,reptiles appeared for the first time.
后来，当这些植物长成森林时，爬行动物第一次出现了。
1) 句法分析：when引导时间状语从句；介词短语for the first time 作状语。Grow into sth不能用于被动语态。
2) for the first time 第一次
拓展：This is/was the first ...time +that 从句，表示“这是某人第几次做某事”，从句常用完成时态。即：主语连系动词为is时，从句用现在完成时，为was时，从句用过去完成时。
3) grow into sth 变成，变得习惯于（不能用于被动语态）
grow away from sb 逐渐疏远某人
grow on sb 逐渐为某人所爱
grow out of sth 产生于；体型上太胖而穿不上衣服
grow up （指人或物）长大；成长；成熟
8. They laid eggs and existed on the earth for more than 140million years.
它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。
搭配：exist in存在于....中 exist on(=live on) 靠...为生/生存
单词积累：existence n.存在，生存 existing adj.现存的，现行的
拓展：come into existence /being 形成，出现 in existence 现存的；存在的
(2010江苏高考) The experiment has ruled out the possibility of the _____________(exist) of any life on that plant,but it dose not mean there is no life on other plants.
9. These animals were different from all life forms in the past ,because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.这些动物不同于以往所有的生命形态，因为它们从体内生产出幼崽并给幼崽哺乳。
give birth to 分娩；生孩子；产生；引起
链接：
at birth 在出生时，诞生时
by birth 天生；生来；在血统上
be of good/noble birth 出生名门
bring...to birth 使....产生
10. Thus they have , in their turn , become the most important animals on the plant.
于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。
thus adv.因此，于是，所以，这样，如此
In one’s turn 轮到某人;接着
拓展：
by turns 轮流，依次 in turns 依次，反过来
take turns to do sth 轮流做某事
It’s one’s turn to do sth 轮到某人做某事
(2007湖北高考) People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars,and this ____________creates further problems.
A. in short B.in case C.in doubt D.in turn
11.They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. 他们把过多的二氧化碳排放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热量不能释放到太空中去。
句法分析：which prevents ...space是which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代前面的整个句子。
prevent...（from）doing 阻止....做
误区警示：
stop sb (from)doing sth 阻止某人做某事
keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
protect sb from/against sth 保护某人免遭某物（伤害）
defend sd from sth保卫某人不受某物伤害
(2012福建高考) China recently tightened(加紧）its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ______________(attack)in the South China Sea.
12. How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientist found hard to solve. 生命究竟是怎样起源的是科学家们觉得最难解决的问题之一。
puzzle 1) n.难题；谜
搭配：be in a puzzle 不知如何是好；感到困惑
2) v.（使）迷惑；（使）为难
搭配：puzzle about /over苦苦思索
单词积累：
puzzled adj.感到困惑的，困惑的 puzzling adj.令人迷惑的
13. I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin....我立刻高兴起来，由于失重，我在太空舱里飘来飘去...
cheer up（市）高兴起来，（使）振作起来
链接：cheer ....on为....加油/鼓劲 Cheers！（祝酒时用）干杯！
(天津高考)---I’m thinking of the test tomorrow.I’m afraid I can’t pass this time.
--___________! I’m sure you’ll make it.
A.Go ahead B.Good luck C.No problem D.Cheer up
14.But when I tried to step forward,I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.但当我尽力向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因此我摔倒了。
twice as ...as ......的两倍....,这是一种倍数表示方法
英语里常见的倍数表示法有三种：
A is+倍数+形容词比较级+than B
A is+倍数+as+形容词原级+as B
A is+倍数+the size/weight/height/length/width....+of B
as .........as
as +形容词、副词原级+as
as +adj.+a/an+单数可数名词+as
as +adj.+复数可数名词+as
拓展
as many /much as 多达
as light as feather 轻如鸿毛
as soon as... 一...就...
as/so far as 远到...;一直到....
as early as 早在
as strong as a horse 强壮如牛
as long as 长达
as well as 除.... 之外，还
as good as 与...几乎一样
as ....as possible 尽可能地....
(2013安徽高考)1.It’s said that the power plant is now___________large as what it was.
A.twice as B.as twice C.twice much D.much twice
(2011陕西高考)The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be _________
____________ ___________ ____________ ____________(三倍大）the present one.
15.“Oh dear”, I cried,“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.” “天哪”，我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路的确需要练一练了。”
句法分析：now that 引导原因状语从句。动名词walking 作主语，并且用does来强调谓语动词need。
now that既然（引导原因状语从句）
(2015湖北高考)The team are working hard to analyze(分析）the problem_____________
they can find the best solution.
16. We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased. 我们惊奇地看到，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。
break out 突然开始，爆发 break up 解散；破碎；结束
break through 突破；冲垮 break away from....脱离....
break down出故障；坍塌；（精神，身体）垮掉 break in进入；插话
break into 强行进入（某处）；突然开始（笑，欢呼等）
(2012陕西高考)1.He had to pause from time to time to wipe the sweat from his forehead,because the air-conditioning system_____________.
A.broke in B.broke up C.broke out D.broke down
(2015天津高考)See, your computer has broken__________again! It doesn’t make sense to buy the cheapest brand of computer just to save a few dollars.
17. In our solar system eight planets circle around the sun.
system n.[C]系统，体系；体制，制度；[U]条理，秩序
the solar system 太阳系
a social system 社会制度
under the new/old system 在新/旧制度下
have system in one’s work 工作有条理
18. Can you match the names with the planets?
match v. 和....协调，搭配；与...匹敌，成为...的对手
n. 火柴；比赛；对手；配偶
match ...with 使...和...搭配
match up to 相当，配得上
be a match for 与... 相匹配
find/meet one,s match 棋逢对手，遇上对手
match point 最后决定胜负的分；赛点
19. It exploded loudly with fire and rock.
explode v.爆炸，爆破；突然爆发；突增；破除；推翻
explosion n.爆炸；爆裂；突增 unexploded adj.未爆炸的
explosive adj.易爆炸的，易爆发的；突增的 explosively adv. 爆炸地；突增地
explode a bomb =set off a bomb 使炸弹爆炸
explode a superstition 破除迷信
explode into wild laughter 突然大笑起来
the exploding world population 迅猛增长的世界人口
20. As a result of this event, a great dust cloud formed in the sky blocking out the sunlight.
block out 挡住，遮住（光线，声音等）, 忘掉，抹去（不愉快的事情）
block out （用路障）封锁，堵住
block up 塞住，封住
block one’s way 挡住某人的去路
block sth.in/out 草拟，画....的简略图
21. We were trying to escape the pull of the earth’s gravity.
pull 拉（力）；拖；牵引力
pull down 拆毁
pull out (of) 驶出（车站）；抽出；取出
pull up （使车）停下
pull through 恢复健康；（使）渡过难关/危机

语法精讲（名词性从句----主语从句）
主语从句通常由下列词引导：
1）从属连词that，whether,if等；
2）连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whom 等；
3) 连接副词how，when，where，why 等。
that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词都在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当主语的成分。注：whom、who指人，what指物，whatever，whoever表示泛指意义。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
（1）It be+ 名词 + that从句
It's a great pity that they didn't get married.他们没能结婚，真是令人惋惜。
It 's a good thing that you were insured.你保了险，这可是件好事。
（2）It be + 形容词 + that从句
It's splendid that you passed your exam.你通过考试了，真棒。
It's strange that there are no lights on.真奇怪，没有一盏灯是开着的。
（3）It be + 动词的过去分词+ 主语从句
It's said that he has been there many times.据说他去过那儿很多次。
（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句[1]
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
(5) it seems/happens+that 从句
众所周知的几种表达方式
（1）It is known to us that.
（2）As is known to us.
（3）what is known to us is that.
it引导的强调句结构：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子其它部分。
eg:My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语：It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语：It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间：It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab.(注意不用when)
强调地点：It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.

(2015北京高考)_______________we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
A.Where B.How C.Why D.When
(2013陕西高考) It remains to be seen________________the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice.
A.that B.which C.what D.whether
(2015江苏高考)_____________Li Bai , a great Chinese poet,was born is known to the public ,but some won,t accept it.
A.What B.Why C.Where D.How
(2011江苏高考) It was never clear___________the man hadn”t reported the accident sooner.
A.that B.how C.when D.why
(2014天津高考) I think___________impresses me about his painting is the colors he uses.
A.what B.that C.which D.who
(2011江西高考) The villagers have already known__________we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.
A.this B.that C.what D.which
(2012安徽高考) The limits of a person,s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but____________ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
A.where B.whether C.that D.why

语法选择
1.It remains to be seen_______________this plan is practical enough to keep the project going.
A. whether B. how C. where D. when
2.(2014陕西高考)____________the delay flight will take off depends much on the weather.
A.Why B.When C.That D.What
3.(2012全国高考) It is by no means clear_____________the president can do to end the strike.
A.how B.which C.that D.what
4.(2011北京高考)___________Barbara Jones offers to he fans is honesty and happiness.
A.Which B.What C.That D.Whom
5. (2012江西高考)It suddenly occurred to him____________he had left his keys in the office.
A.whether B.where C.which D.that
6. (2012山东高考)It doesn’t matter______________you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
A.how B.whether C.what D.why
7.(2012湖南高考) Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn’t matter_________
you have lived there for a short time or a long time.
A.why B.how C.whether D.that
8.____________I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.
A:That B:Which C:Whether D:What
9.(2014大纲高考)Exactly___________the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain,but it was probably around 1565.
A.whether B.why C.when D.how
10.(2014陕西高考)____________ the delay flight will take o