专四写作技巧.doc

专四写作技巧

英语专业四级考纲对写作题的测试要求
(1)要求根据所出的题目和列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲)写一篇200词左右的短文。
做到内容切题、完整、条理清楚，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。
考试时间35分钟。
(2)写便条：
要求根据提示写大约50--60词的通知、便条、请贴等。
要求格式正确，语言得体。
考试时间10分钟。

测试目的：
按照教学大纲的要求测试学生在基础阶段末期用英语书面表达思想的能力。
专四作文评分标准
　　14-15分内容切题,完整,条理清楚,文章结构严谨,语法正确,语言通顺恰当,句式 用词富有变化,有"闪光点"基本无语言错误.
　　11-13分 内容切题,完整,条理清楚,文章结构严谨,语法正确,语言通顺恰当,少量语法错误 　　
8-10分 内容基本切题,完整, 条理基本清楚,文章结构基本严谨,语法基本正确,语言基本通顺恰当.少量严重错误,一些词使用不当.
　　5-7分 内容基本切题,完整, 条理不够清楚,教明显的母语痕迹.较多语言错误,许多词使用不当.
　　2-4分 内容偏题,不完整,思路混乱,语句不完整,只有少数句子可以理解,词汇拼写错误严重.

一、 时间安排
作文的写作时间为35分钟，合理的时间安排为10+20+5。前面的10分钟用来读题审题，构思并列提纲，这是考生常常忽视的一个至关重要的环节。正确的读题审题有利于理清行文思路，也避免了差之毫厘、失之千里的遗憾。构思列提纲就如同建筑师在盖房子之前绘制蓝图，完善、全面的提纲可使考生在这个框架内填充、扩展，而不至于跑题，避免了想到哪就写到哪的盲目性。接着的2O分钟用来按照提纲写作，最后5分钟用来检查润色。合理的时间安排是写出优秀作文必不可少的第一步。
二、 卷面设置
对于作文这样的主观题而言，考生与阅卷老师在无形之中彼此互动、相互影响。一个考生可以做的，首先是通过卷面给阅卷老师留下好的第一印象。要想使自己的文章在大约一分钟的阅读时间内给老师以赏心悦目的感觉，作文的排版应该不多于卷面的2／3，不少于1／3。换句话说，就是要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻。字体不要过大或过小，字间距保持均匀，字迹要工整。段落方面，格式要整齐划一，段首或一律顶格或一律空四个字母的位置。这些都有易于考生先发制人，取得先机。
三、 作文结构及内容
TEM4作文的体裁以议论文为主，由四个部分组成：标题 (title)，介绍(introduction)，主体(body)和结尾(conclusion)。作文题目要求中一般包含标题，所以需要考生完成的就只有其余三个部分。
(一) 介绍(introduction) 介绍部分是一篇文章的“地图”，用来提纲挈领。其中第一句的作用是用来说明整段文章的总义和介绍文章的主题，之后的一至两句则是用来表达考生的个人意见(论点)，最后一句通常用来带领进入主体部分。文章好的开头会引人如胜，激发阅卷老师的阅读兴趣。一般说来，这一段落不宜太长，要写得简明扼要，主要可以采用以下三种方法：
1．引用法。文章开头引用名人名言、谚语或有代表性的看法见解来引出文章要展开讨论的一种观点，并明确自己的立场。 [Sample]On Making Friends
As a proverb goes，a life without a friend is a life without the sun．It is true that everybody needs friends. So I find it quite necessary to make friends．
2．现象法。对于某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章通常在文章的开始首先引出这种现象或问题，然后进行评论并提出考生自己的观点。 [Sample]On Children’s Education
Chinese families are traditionally known for valuing the education of their children． Most parents are trying to offer their children the best education，regarding it as their most important duty．It seems to me that there are three reasons for this，all of which are concerned with demands of modern life．
3．对立法。文章开头首先引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后提出考生自己的看法，或偏向的那个看法。此方法多用于有争议性的主题。
Sample{I Prefer to Live in a Big City} Different people have different ideas about where to live．Some people like to live in big cities．Others prefer country life．I think both of the lives have their advantages and disadvantages．If l am to make a choice，1 will not hesitate to choose the former．
(二)主体(body) 主体部分段首通常有一个主题句(topic sentence)，用来表示该段的中心思想。下面是几个常用主题句句型：
1．It is believed that? has the following advantages．
2．It is important in several ways．
3．I side with this view for two reasons．
4．It benefits us in many ways．
接下来的文章应包含二到三个要点，用以支持主题句。考生可以通过例证、引证、对比、因果论证及反证等方法逐步论述各个要点。阅卷老师在看文章时也许会通过某些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构严谨，条理清晰，因此要在每一个要点前加入表示顺序的词汇，如：to begin with，first and foremost；then，furthermore，besides；finally，last but not least．
Sample The Importance of Extensive Reading
Extensive reading benefits us in many ways． Firs of all，by reading extensively, we can broaden our knowledge． For instance，newspapers and magazines can keep us informed of current events．So it is easy for us to know what is going on in the world today．Secondly，extensive reading helps us improve our reading comprehension effectively．The more we read，the better we understand and the faster our reading speed will be．What is more，extensive reading is the best way to enlarge our vocabulary．Due to frequent contact with unfamiliar words， we find it easy to guess the meaning of them even without referring to the dictionary．We can often find context clues for new words．
(三)结尾(conclusion) 结尾部分的开始通常会用一个特别结论句式，如：in general，to sum up，to conclude，all in all等等。在200词的文章中，这一部分不宜篇幅过长，最好用一两句话来总结全文，使其前后呼应。除非只是一个次要观点，否则不要在这段内提出任何新见解，但如果题目要求的话，考生也可以在结论上提出相应的建议、推荐、介绍和解决方法。
四、检查一篇成功的作文少不了反复推敲、一再修改。然而，由于考试时间和条件等诸多因素的限制，考生要警惕检查作文时的三大“通病”，即，数字数、孤芳自赏、和做结构与内容上大的修改。必须明确，考试作文的润色和修改只需要达到以下几个目的：拼写正确；用词准确，尤其是名词、动词、形容词、冠词和介词；语法正确，特别是人称、时态、和单复数的三“一致”；正确使用过度性词汇，从而使句子之间以及段落之间都具有逻辑性和条理性。在应试准备中，策略固然重要，还需要扎实的语言基础和写作的专门知识。提醒广大考生，在平时的学习中还应多读、多练、多总结，这样才有利于写作水平的日益提高。

2012年专四作文真题：
　　The Dragon Boat Festival(端午节)is one of the important national festivals in China．Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic：
　　The Dragon Boat Festival
　　First, you should tell what you know about the festival．
　　Second, you should describe how you or other people usually observe the festival．
　　Marks will be awarded for content, organization，language and appropriateness．Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks．

2012年英语专四考试作文题目：端午节
　　The Dragon Boat Festival
　　The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. This festival is to commemorate the death of QU Yuan, an upright and honest poet and statesman who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river.
　　The most important activity of this festival is the Dragon Boat races. It symbolizes people's attempts to rescue Qu Yuan. In the current period, these races also demonstrate the virtues of cooperation and teamwork.
　　Besides, the festival has also been marked by eating zong zi (glutinous rice). Zong zi is made of glutinous rice stuffed with different fillings and wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves. People who mourned the death of Qu threw Zong zi into the river to feed his ghost every year.
　　With the changes of the times, the memorial turns to be a time for protection from evil and disease for the rest of year. People will hang healthy herbs on the front door to clear the bad luck of the house. Although the significance of the festival might be different with the past, it still gives the observer an opportunity to glimpse a part of the rich Chinese cultural heritage.

2011年专四作文真题：Should private car owners be taxed for pollution?（私家车是否应该交污染税）——关于环境
Direction：
Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
Should private car owners be taxed for pollution?
You are to write in three parts:
In the first part, state clearly what your view is.
In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.
In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.
写作指南：
这是典型的立场观点选择题型。要求考生确立自己的观点，然后进行论证。
历年类似考题：
2010 Should College Students Hire Cleaners?
2009 Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?
2007 Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?
2004 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?
1994 TV: a Good Thing or a Bad Thing?

本文要求学生就“”私家车是否应该交污染税”这一话题发表自己的意见。
第一部分：分析现状：私家车越来越多，环境污染日益严重，“污染税”提出的背景，进而提出自己的观点：私家车应该交污染税。
第二部分：从两方面进行阐述。首先由于私家车造成环境问题，所以私家车有义务交税，为国家环境建设所用。其次纳税能提高人们的环保意识。
第三部分：进行总结，再次表明自己的观点。
经典范文：
Should private car owners be taxed for pollution?

　　With the development of society, many people can afford a car. As the number of the cars is rising, we are facing some problems. One big problem is the pollution caused by the use of cars. In order to solve this problem, government agencies in some big cities recently suggest that a “pollution tax” should be put on private cars in order to control the number of cars and reduce pollution in the city. For my part, I agree to this viewpoint, and my reasons are as follows:
　　To begin with, cars contribute to the environmental pollution. For example, a lot of big cities in China are now plagued by serious air pollution. Then it is the responsibility of these private car owners to pay for the pollution and they should be taxed. The purpose of collecting environmental pollution tax is to raise the fund, and then utilize the tax revenue lever to protect our environment.
　　Secondly, it is a good way to raise people’s environmental awareness by putting a pollution tax on private cars. If people suffer from the financial loss when making a decision, they will think more about their decision. Then they will consider more when deciding to buy a private car. Consequently, the increase rate of the number of the private cars can be controlled.
　　In a word, it is a very good and necessary attempt to use the means of taxation to treat the pollution. Of course, it must be kept in mind that all people, including the private car owners, should try their best to protect the environment.

2010年专四作文真题: Should College Students Hire Cleaners?
(大学生是否应该雇佣清洁工)——关于大学生的生活独立
Direction：
It is recently reported in a newspaper that six students who shared a dorm at a local university hired a cleaner to do laundry and cleaning once a week. And each of them paid her 60 yuan a month. This has led to a heated debate as to whether college students should hire cleaners.
Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
Should College Students Hire Cleaners?
You are to write in three parts:
In the first part, state clearly what your view is.
In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.
In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.
写作指南：
这是典型的立场观点选择题型。要求考生确立自己的观点，然后进行论证。
历年类似考题：
2009 Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?
2007 Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?
2004 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?
1994 TV: a Good Thing or a Bad Thing?

第一部分：短文从一则新闻报道入手，要求考生就这一话题发表意见，由于是考生熟悉的校园话题，且考生看到题目直觉的反应就是不应该雇佣清洁工，因此首段直接表明观点，对该做法持否定态度。
第二部分：主体部分从两方面进行分析，第一，根据古人“一屋不扫，何以扫天下”的道理展开，说明作为大学生应该逐渐培养独立意识，不应该连最基本的小事都依赖他人；第二，从金钱角度阐述该现象的恶劣影响，大学生基本靠父母供养，雇佣清洁工打扫寝室很容易导致校园中产生攀比、炫富等不良现象。
第三部分：结论部分呼吁结束这种做法，并且呼应主体部分的两点原因，号召大学生尽快建立独立意识和良好的金钱观，让父母对我们的自理能力放心。
经典范文：
Should College Students Hire Cleaners?
According to a recent report, six university students hired cleaners to clean their dorm and do their laundry every week. Although we have no right to tell them what to do with their money, as a university student myself, I find this practice absurd.
For a start, away from our parents, it is in university that we learn to be independent adults. Cleaning the room and doing one’s laundry are the most basic living skills. If we always depend on others to take care of us, how can we survive when there is no one to help us? How can we take on any responsibility when we step into society?
For another, the practice reflects their flippant attitude towards money. The money they paid for the cleaners probably comes from their parents, who must be very depressed once they know the truth. It also sets a very bad precedent on campus. Other students may follow suit to show the wealth of their families; or worse, they tend to think money can buy them anything in this world, which obviously is wrong.
All in all, I think we must do away with this practice. Otherwise, we may never appreciate the good value of money and an independent way of life. The better and sooner we can take care of ourselves, the more proud our parents will be.
2009年专四作文真题：Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?（旅游对环境的影响？）——关于环境
Direction：
December 5th is International Volunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world have volunteered to help those in need. China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers how have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering?
Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
　Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?
You are to write in three parts:
In the first part, state clearly what your view is.
In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.
In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.

写作指南：
这是典型的立场观点选择题型。要求考生确立自己的观点，然后进行论证。
历年类似考题：
2007 Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?
2004 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?
1994 TV: a Good Thing or a Bad Thing?

本文要求考生就旅游是否会给环境带来不好的影响这一话题发表自己的看法。根据题目要求，文章结构如下：
第一部分：明确表达自己的观点：过度开发旅游对环境会造成不好的影响。
第二部分：从两个方面来论证自己的观点。
第三部分：进行总结：我们应该做什么？
经典范文：
Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?

In recent years, tourism has developed rapidly in China. Many people believe that tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and we should try our best to promote tourism. But what these people fail to see is that tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that too much tourists bring harm to the environment.

　　The bad impact of tourism on the environment has mainly expressed itself in various ways. One way is the process of exploiting a new scenic spot. In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment. This process usually breaks the ecological balance of the area. In some mountainous places, trees are being cut down to build hotels for others to see and explore the beauty of the mountains. Then land slides and mud-rock flows come up. Another way the development of tourism has damaged the environment occurs when tourists go to scenic spots. Some tourists don't have the awareness to protect the environment, and ignorantly throw their garbage here and there. Some people even kill the local wildlife to eat, which badly damages the balance of the natural environment.

　　It is wrong to sacrifice the environment for the growth of tourism. We must keep in mind that too much tourists bring harm to the environment. We need to find a balance between satisfying the needs of tourists and reducing to a minimum the pollution they cause.
2008年专四作文真题：The Benefits of Volunteering
（参加志愿活动的好处）——关于大学生和社会
Direction：
December 5th is International Volunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world have volunteered to help those in need. China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers how have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering?
Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
The Benefits of Volunteering
You are to write in three parts:
In the first part, state clearly what your view is.
In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.
In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.

写作指南