扬州大学英语研究生中英互译.doc

1. An abstract serves an important function in a research report. It communicates the scope of your paper and the topics discussed to your reader. In doing so, it facilitates research. Abstracts help scientists to locate materials that are relevant to their research from among published papers, and many times scientists will only read a papers abstract in order to determine whether the paper will be relevant to them. Considering your audience and their needs will help you to determine what should be included in your abstract.摘要在一份研究报告中发挥着重要作用。它把你论文的范围和讨论的主题传达给读者。这样做有利于研究。摘要帮助科学家从发表的论文中找到与他们研究相关的文献资料，科学家常常只阅读一篇论文的摘要从而决定此论文是否与他们的研究有关。考虑到你的读者和他们的需求会将帮助你决定摘要该包含什么。2. An informative abstract acts as a report in miniature, encapsulating the whole paper. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the report, and provides the key facts and conclusions from the body of the report. A good way to develop an informative abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the major parts of the report. If space permits, you can provide contextual information such as background of the problem and the significance of the research, but you can also omit contextual information because the abstract is not supposed to serve as an introduction to the subject matter of the report-your introduction will serve that role. You should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will not be surprised to see key data in an informative abstract.信息性摘要作为微型报告，概括整篇论文。它总结了报告主体各个主要部分的关键信息，并且提供了报告主体的关键事实和结论。写信息摘要的一个很好的方法就是从报告的每一主要部分提炼一两句话。如果篇幅允许，你可以提供给一些类上下文信息，如问题背景和研究的意义，但是你也可以省略这些信息，因为摘要不应作为文章主要内容的介绍，而你的引言担当这一角色。你应该无论如何要包含关键数据从而使得信息摘要简洁明了，并且读者不会在信息摘要中看到关键数据而惊讶。3. An indicative abstract (sometimes called descriptive abstract) merely includes information about the purpose, scope and methods used to arrive at the findings contained in the original document. The function of indicative abstract is to help readers understand the general nature and scope of the research article. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and main findings of the paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. It is brief and concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire paper. This type of abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings.指示性摘要有时候也称作描述性摘要，仅仅包含原来文档中的目的、范围和为了获得研究结果所使用的方法。指示性摘要的作用就是帮助读者理解学术论文的一般性质和范围。指示性摘要指明论文的主题和主要发现，并不对试验过程进行详细地一步一步的解释。指示性摘要简明扼要，读者能据此决定是否需要继续阅读整篇文章。这种类型的摘要经常用于书写理论论文、评论文章，在某些情况下，也会用于会议论文。4. Put simply，abstracts and summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer works and occasionally the terms are used interchangeably-but they are not identical. Abstracts which frequently accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give readers essential information about research purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Most abstracts are a single paragraph，and seldom more than one page. By contrast, summaries are thorough though usually longer than abstracts. They are less concerned with condensing the document than with emphasizing results, conclusions and recommendations. Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a document.简而言之，摘要和总结是类似的-它们都呈现出长篇文章的缩短形式，有时候也会交替使用但并不完全相同。摘要通常伴随着期刊文章和技术报告，将文章进行简化，为读者提供诸如研究目的、方法、结果、结论和建议这些必要的信息。大多数摘要就只有一个单独的段落，并且很少超过一页。相比之下，总结较为周密，通常比摘要长。比起简化文章来，总结重在强调结果、结论和建议。独立执行的摘要在文章之前，总结结束一篇文章。5. An abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It cant assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself , rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more interested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner.摘要必须是论文一个完整的自成体系的压缩描述。它不能假设（或试图驱使）读者为了寻找一个含糊不清话语的解释而阅读摘要。它本身必须是有意义的。需要考虑的几点如下：满足字数限制。如果你的摘要写的太长，要么会被退回，要么会有人采取措施把你的摘要缩短直到满足要求。你自己完成缩短摘要篇幅这一艰巨的任务，会更好地将你的目的呈现出来，而不是把它交给一个单纯为了缩短篇幅不顾成果展现形式的人来处理。6. Of the various types of documents, scientists and engineers take greatest pride in writing research papers for publication in journals，which keep scientists and engineers up to date on what is going on in their professions. The writer has information the reader needs: what was found , how it was found，what the findings mean. Good scientists and engineers are as interested in the quality of their writing as they are in other aspects of their work. They know that technical effort counts for little if the written reports of that work do not convey information adequately. 在各种类型的文档中，科学家和工程师以发表在期刊上的科研论文为最大的骄傲，这使得科学家和工程师把他们领域内的进展及时更新。作者有读者需要的信息：发现了什么，它是如何被发现的，这些发现有什么意义？优秀的科学家和工程师对他们写作质量和对研究的其他方面一样感兴趣。他们知道如果书面研究报告不能充分传递信息那么他们的技术努力也是没有价值的。7. The key to an effective research paper is integrating the research into the body of the paper. This is also the most difficult part of writing the paper. The research should support and lend credence to your conclusions, but it should not dominate the paper. Much of the writing should be your own ideas that are supported by research. Transitional words and phrases should be used to connect your thoughts to the references. If thats not done，the writing will be stilted and contrived; The paper will be choppy, and coherence will be lost. Remember that the research paper is like all other formal essays, and all of the rules of good writing apply. The paper should have an introduction, a body and a conclusion. It should be focused and fully developed.篇有效论文的关键在于整合研究内容使其成为论文的主体。这也是写论文最困难的部分。研究应该支持并且验证你的结论，但不应该占主导地位。所写的大部分内容应该是你自己的观点，这些观点由研究内容来支撑。应该使用过渡词和过渡语句将你的观点和参考文献联系起来。如果不这样做，文章会显得生硬、不自然，论文将会断断续续从而失去连贯性。要切记研究论文和其他正式论文一样，所有好的写作规则都适用。论文应该有一个引言、主体和结论。它应该专注于主题并且充分构思。8. It is widely recognized that writing introductions is slow, difficult, and troublesome for both native speakers as well as nonnative speakers. A very long time ago, the Greek philosopher Plato remarked, “The beginning is half of the whole.” Indeed, eventually producing a good Introduction section always seems like a battle hard won. 为人知，写引言对于说母语和说外来语言的人来说都是很慢的、困难的、麻烦的。很久以前，希腊哲学家柏拉图说过，“好的开始是成功的一半。”的确，最终写出一个好的引言部分似乎像是一场来之不易的战争。9. In contrast to other types of introductions，research paper introductions aimed at specialists include technical details and a short review of previous work on the topic. Articles aimed at specialists may begin with an introduction based on either a long-form or a short-form problem statement. The problem or research question is normally the topic or one aspect of a research which cant be possible without the previous research work and giants contribution. Therefore，citations of their research are necessary.较其他类型的引言来说，针对专家的研究论文引言包括技术细节和关于该主题前期工作的简短回顾。针对专家的文章可能会以一个或长篇或短篇形式的问题陈述为基础来展开一个引言部分。问题或研究的疑问通常就是主题或研究领域的某一方面，这与之前的研究和伟人们的贡献是分不开的。因此，引用他们的研究是必不可少的。10. Summaries of the statistical analyses may appear either in the text (usually parenthetically) or in the relevant Tables or Figures (in the legend or as footnotes to the Table or Figure). The Results section should be organized around a series of Tables and/or Figures sequenced to present your key findings in a logical order. The text of the Results section follows this sequence and highlights the answers to the questions/hypotheses you investigated. Important negative results should be reported, too. Authors usually write the text of the results section based upon this sequence of Tables and Figures. 统计的总结可能会出现在文本（通常一带而过）或者在相关表格和图表中（在图例中或者作为图表的注脚）。结果部分应有逻辑性地围绕一系列有顺序的表和/或图来呈现你的重要发现。结果的文本部分遵循图表顺序并且突出你所调查的问题的答案/假设。重要的负面结果也应报告出来。作者通常基于图表的顺序书写结果的文本部分。11. Like many other aspects of writing, data commentaries are exercises in positioning yourself. There are, as a result，both dangers and opportunities. One danger is to simply repeat in words what the data has expressed in nonverbal formin other words, to offer description rather than commentary. An opposite danger is to read too much into the data and draw unjustified conclusions. The art of the matter is to find the right strength of claim for the data and then order your statements in some appropriate way (such as from the more significant to the less significant).In most cases, this means moving in a general-specific direction.写作许多其他方面一样，数据评论是定位自己的练习。结果既有危险又有机遇。危险之一就是简单地重复以非语言的形式展现出的数据所表达的内容-换句话说，提供描述而不是评论。与之相反的一个危险是过度解读数据，得出不合理的结论。处理这个事情的艺术在于找到描述数据的适当语气强度，然后以某种适当的方式整合你的语句（如从更重要的到不太重要的）。在大多数情况下，这意味着由一般向特殊的转变。12. With any scientific process，there is no such ideal as total proof or total rejection，and researchers must, by necessity, work upon probabilities. That means that，whatever level of proof was reached, there is still the possibility that the results may be wrong. Therefore，writers need not only good judgment about data while making highlight statements about data，but also good presentation of judgment. Thus，they have two requirements. One is the need to be cautious-and sometimes critical-about the data. As Skelton (1988) neatly observed, “It is important for students to learn to be confidently uncertain.” The other requirement is to have the linguistic resources to express this caution. 何科学过程都不会有完全证明或完全否定这样的理想状态，研究者不可避免地基于可能性进行研究。也就是说，不管证明达到何种水平，结果是错误的可能性仍然存在。因此，作者在对数据进行突出描述时不仅要有好的判断能力，还要有好的判断表达能力。因此，他们需要两方面的要求。要求之一就是对数据要小心谨慎，有时候也要勇于批评。斯凯尔顿1988年巧妙地观察到：“让学生学会有信心地质疑很重要。” 另一个要求就是要有语言资源来表达这种谨慎。13. The discussion and conclusion section is somehow the counterpart of the introduction. The function of the discussion is to interpret your results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation，and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration. The discussion explains the implications of your results. It fits the results into the context of the field by relating your results to other work, both theoretical and experimental. Along with the Introduction, it explains why your work is important, how it contributes to the advancement of the field. You want to avoid introducing new ideas here or discussing tangential issues not directly related to the exploration and discovery of your thesis. It is critical that the discussion be done carefully and thoroughly.讨论和结论部分某种程度上是配对介绍。讨论部分的作用是根据已经知道的调查对象诠释你的结果，并且在考虑到你的结果后解释我们对于此问题的新的理解。讨论部分解释了你结果所蕴含的内容。通过将你的结果与其他的理论和实验工作相联系使你的结果符合研究领域的上下文信息。与引言一起，它解释了为什么你的工作很重要，它如何有助于该领域的进步。你要避免在这里介绍新的想法或讨论与你论文的探索发现没有直接关系的离题问题。至关重要的是，讨论部分必须是仔细的和彻底的。14.Writing a summary (or summarizing information) is a common way of integrating information into your original work that requires care and attention to detail. By summarizing, an author reduces a text, concept, idea, or data set to its most basic point or element without appropriating the language of the source. While you cannot retain all the definition and detail of the original context of the information in a brief summary, effort to represent the essential point within its context is essential or you risk distortion of the original meaning.写一篇总结(或总结信息)是一种将信息整合到你的原创作品中的常见方式，需要对细节的关心和关注。总结时，作者缩短文本，概念，想法，或数据集使之成为不占用语言资源的最基本的点或元素。虽然在一个简短的总结里你不能保留原文所有的定义和细节，但是努力将文章的基本点表现出来是很有必要的，否则你会冒着原文意义失真的风险。15.An active and efficient researcher may use summarizing as an effective way of building his own repository of research literature that he can readily tap into. Writing a summary and a review following reading a research report can help the reader and potential researcher digest the information of the source and develop insights into it, let alone form a lasting memory of it. Writing a summary helps a writer develop an understanding of the subject matter. Once that understanding is developed the writer becomes up to date hopefully with current knowledge.积极高效的研究人员可使用总结作为一个构建自己的研究文献存储库的有效方式, 他可以很容易利用。阅读一篇研究报告后写一个总结和回顾可以帮助读者和潜在研究人员消化原始资料信息并对其展开思考，更不用说形成一个持久的记忆。写总结可以帮助作者展开对主题的理解。一旦理解形成，作者的想法很有希望能成为当前最新的知识。