2023年语言学知识点总结胡壮麟版.docx
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1、Chapter 44.1 syntacti句法 ) relations4.1.1 positional rel位置0关系)For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammaticaroles of the various phrase that can occur in a clause.Positional relation or word order ref ers to th有sefiuentialrangement of words in alanguage.
2、Positional relation are a manif体现tion(one aspect of syntagmatic relationsWord orderisamong the threebasicways (word ordergeneticand classification) classifylanguage words.Six possible types of language SVO VSO SOV OVS VOS English is SVO.4.1.2 relation of substitute替Kilj/|IFirstlyelationf substitutab
3、ilitfersto classesor setsof words substitutaboe each othergrammatically in sentence with the same structure.Secondly it refersto groups of more than one word which may be jointlysubstitutablegrammatically for a single word of a particular set.This is what Saussure called assc联联想tive(relations or in
4、Hjeihs lpavradigmat 纵聚性)relation.4.1.3 relation of co-occu 共现c)s(Means words of differentetsof clausesmay permit pr requirethe occurrenceof a word ofanother set or class to from a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.Thus relationof co-occurrence)artlybelong to syntagmaticrationspartlyto para
5、digmaticrelations.4.2 grammatical construction and its constituents4.2.1 Grammatical constructionAny syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrases structures to certain complelexemes 词位)4.2.2 immediate constituent分)Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituen
6、ts together form a construcThisNps tree diagram倒子构造分析中,成分用来指任何语言单位,而该单位又是更大语言单位 一部分,如在 The girl ate the apple (A ) the bo( B) ate the appl)都是一种成分,成分可以和其他成分组合构成更大 单位,假如两个成分B ( the boy )C (ate theapple结合起来形成一种更高成分AWord-level De t NThe girl ate the appleN=nounA=adjectiveV=verbP=prepositionDet=determine
7、rAdv=adverbConj=conjunctionPhrasalNP=noun phraseAP=adjective phraseVP=verb phrasePP=preposition phraseS=sentence or clauseTo dismantlea grammaticalconstructures thisway is calledimmediate constituentcsr ICanalysis.Bracketingis not as common in use, but it is an economic notationin representinghecons
8、tituent/phrase structure of a grammatical unit.(The) (girl) (ate) (the) (apple)2.3 Endocentric and Exocentric ConstructionsEndocentricconstructioiis one whose distributiis functionallequivalento thatof one ormore of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable cent
9、ihead.Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because thconstituent items are subordinate to the Head.4.2.3.Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions相信构造)Endocentricconstructioiis one whose distributiis functionallequivalento thatof one ormore of its const
10、ituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centrhead.Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because thconstituent items are subordinate to the Head.4.2.3.1 Exocent(i并列构造)Exocentric construction refers to a group of syntactical
11、ly related words where none of the wordsfunctionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, ther46CtnS dfiHie.a)deinside the group, usually includingthe basic sentence,the prepositional phrase,the predicate (verb + object) construction, andthe connective (be + complement) construction.2.4 Coor
12、dination and SubordinationEndocentricconstructionfall into two main types, depending on the relatiorbetweenconstituents:Coordination (并列)is a common syntactic pattern in English and other languages formed bygrouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such
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