互联网与室内空气品质.pptx

1Professional Englishfor Built Environment and Service Engineeringl Lecturers:LI Hongqiang李洪强李洪强l Mobile:[phone]l Email:2Why should we have to learn?What should we have to learn?How should we learn?ImportantProfessional EnglishBy heart3English for General PurposeEnglish for Science and TechnologyProfessional English科技英语与普通英语的区别：语言由语音、词汇、语法三个基本要素构成，科技英语与通用英语在这三方面基本相同，但因其是在科技领域中长期使用的产物，于是在词汇、语法等方面逐渐形成了自己的特点。普通英语：普通英语：科技英语：科技英语：专业英语专业英语:普通英语科技英语专业英语4例：我那辆老吉普车终于发动起来了不同译法 Finally,my old jeep started.Finally,the engine of my old jeep started.Finally,my ancient jeep coughed to life.了解和掌握这些特点，有助于：提高阅读速度正确理解内容加深表达认识改善交流能力5科技（专业）英语在科技（专业）英语在词汇上词汇上的特点：的特点：1 为了用词准确，科技英语多用词义专一且稳定的词，尽量避免含糊不清或一词多义的现象；absorb-take inaccelerate-speed uprelease-set freeemerge-come outsurvive-stay alivemaximum-greatest approximately-about6科技（专业）英语在科技（专业）英语在词汇上词汇上的特点：的特点：2科技（专业）英语涉及较多专业词汇，与普通英语在含义上差别较大；chilled watercondenser waterheat pumprenewable energy冷冻水冷却水热泵可再生能源7科技（专业）英语在科技（专业）英语在词汇上词汇上的特点：的特点：3许多专门的科学术语，在某一领域内使用一段时间后，往往以缩略形式出现。HVACGSHPHeating,Ventilation and Air ConditioningGround Source Heat pump8科技（专业）英语在科技（专业）英语在语法上语法上的特点：的特点：1为了准确、清晰地反映事物间的内在联系，在语句中必然大量使用各种短语、从句等，目的是使各部分的关系明确，含义清楚、表达全面，因此长句是科技英语的特点之一；例：In fact,the generally accepted theory now is that the production of rain depends upon the presence of particles in the air,which serves as nuclei about which the drops may form.9科技（专业）英语在科技（专业）英语在语法上语法上的特点：的特点：2为了客观地叙述各种现象及其内在的联系，避免主观成分，被动语态在科技英语中比在其他环境中使用得更为广泛，被动语态可使论证的对象更为突出醒目。例：As oil is found deep in the ground,its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.Consequently,a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out.10科技（专业）英语在科技（专业）英语在语法上语法上的特点：的特点：3科技文章中大量使用一般现在时态的动词，因为科技文章大多描述不受时间限制的普遍规律。过去时态(preterite)的动词主要描述过去进行过的研究、实验等活动。此外，在科技文章中使用较多的是现在完成时态，强调过去动作的现存结果和影响。11例1：With respect to global issues of sustainable energy and reduction of greenhouse gases,biomass is getting increasing attention as a potential source of renewable energy.例2：In a further way,we investigated the key processes that have available conservation potential,to maximize the utilization of energy resources.12Unit One HVACR and Internet131.Introduction Internet is influencing the world,including Heating,Ventilation,Air Conditioning and Refrigeration(HVACR)Industry.2.Wheeler on HVACR:Is the Internet for you?The World Wide Web can bring you new customers and new business at a much lower cost.3.Put the Internet to Work for You Opportunities for HVACR contractors are plentiful for those willing to adapt to this new and lucrative way of doing business.4.Carrier,IBM to Launch Web-Enabled A/C Carrier Corp.and IBM Corp.have announced the development of a new wireless remote monitoring and control service called M.14Frequently used words and phrases:heating 采暖采暖 供热供热 ventilation 通风通风air conditioning 空气调节空气调节 refrigeration 制冷制冷HVACR 暖通空调制冷暖通空调制冷technical sophistication 技术精通技术精通entrepreneur 企业家企业家leverage 杠杆、借用杠杆、借用的力的力proprietary technology 专利技术专利技术highly educated 受过良好教育的受过良好教育的Internet-savvy 熟悉网络的熟悉网络的bid on 投标投标Plumbing&Drainage 给水、排水给水、排水15http:/American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers16中国空调制冷网：http:/17Unit Three Indoor Air Quality Research Trends And Future Challenges 18If you are not a part of the solution,you are a part of the problem.-anon.anonymous19What is Indoor Air Quality?Indoor air quality is defined as the nature of indoor air that affects the health and well-being of occupants.Good indoor air quality may be defined as“air which is free of pollutants that cause irritation,discomfort or ill health to occupants”Acceptable indoor air is defined by ASHRAE:“Air in which there are no known contaminates at harmful concentrations and which a substantial majority(usually 80%)of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction”-ASHRAE 62-199920The World Health Organization(WHO)estimated that more than 30 percent of all commercial buildings have significant IAQ problems.In some cases,the quality of indoor air can be critical.21 People are spending more than 90 percent of their time indoors.As a result of these and other factors,totally new terminology has come into use and the topic is gaining more attention every day.Some examples include:Sick Building Syndrome(SBS)where more than 30 percent of occupants experience adverse effects while in the building,but no clinically diagnosed disease is found.Building Related Illness(BRI)general term for a medically diagnosable illness caused by,or related to,building occupancy.Multiple Chemical Sensitivity(MCS)or Environmental Illness(EI)a controversial condition where an individual has or develops sensitivity to even low levels of certain chemicals due to extended exposure.22General pollutant types that affect air quality include:Biologicalbacteria,fungi,viruses,molds,pollen,animal hair,dander and excrement are examples of common biological pollutants that can impact air quality.fungi 真菌真菌 molds 霉菌霉菌 dander 皮屑皮屑 excrement 排泄物排泄物 Chemicalcleaners,solvents,fuels,adhesives,various combustion by-products and emissions from furnishings and floor and wall coverings are typical examples of airborne chemicals.solvents 溶剂溶剂 adhesives 粘合剂粘合剂 airborne 空气传播的空气传播的 Particles and Aerosolsare solids or liquids that are light enough to be suspended in air.Particles are classified in three general categoriescoarse,fine and ultrafineand are derived from dust,construction activities,printing,photocopying,manufacturing processes,smoking,combustion and some chemical reactions in which vapors condense to form particles.These can be categorized as dust,smoke,mist,fume and condensates.aerosols 悬浮物悬浮物 气溶胶气溶胶 mist 雾雾 fume 烟雾烟雾 condensates 凝结物凝结物23Indoor Air PollutantsSourcesPotential Health EffectsCarbon dioxide二氧化碳二氧化碳 Exhalation/breathing Smoking Combustion sources 人的呼吸人的呼吸 吸烟吸烟 燃烧燃烧可令人窒息的气体。高可令人窒息的气体。高浓度时可以起头痛，晕浓度时可以起头痛，晕眩及恶心。眩及恶心。Carbon monoxide一氧化碳一氧化碳 Combustion sources like cooking stovesSmokingIntake of this pollutant from outdoor sources,e.g.vehicle 燃烧，如炉灶燃烧，如炉灶 吸烟吸烟 从室外引入的污染从室外引入的污染物，如汽车废气物，如汽车废气有毒化学物。高浓度时有毒化学物。高浓度时能引起头痛、降低警觉能引起头痛、降低警觉性、出现感冒症状、晕性、出现感冒症状、晕眩、疲倦、气喘、胸痛、眩、疲倦、气喘、胸痛、头脑不清、失去判断力、头脑不清、失去判断力、甚至死亡甚至死亡Respirable suspended particulates可吸入悬浮可吸入悬浮颗粒颗粒SmokingCombustion sources such as cooking stovesPhotocopying machineIntake of this pollutant from outdoor sources 吸烟吸烟 燃烧，如炉灶燃烧，如炉灶 复印机复印机 从室外引入的污染从室外引入的污染物物引起敏感反应，如眼干、引起敏感反应，如眼干、鼻、喉及皮肤不适、咳鼻、喉及皮肤不适、咳嗽、打喷嚏及呼吸困难。嗽、打喷嚏及呼吸困难。Common indoor air pollutants24Indoor Air PollutantsSourcesPotential Health EffectsNitrogen dioxide氮氧化物氮氧化物Combustion sources such as cooking stovesSmokingIntake of this pollutant from outdoor sources 燃烧，如炉灶燃烧，如炉灶 吸烟吸烟 从室外引入的污染从室外引入的污染物物引起眼睛及呼吸道不适。引起眼睛及呼吸道不适。Ozone臭氧臭氧 Photocopying machine Printers Air purifiers with high voltage discharge components 复印机复印机打印机打印机 配有高压电场构件配有高压电场构件的空气净化机的空气净化机可引起敏感及刺激性反可引起敏感及刺激性反应的污染物。令鼻子有应的污染物。令鼻子有刺痛感觉、喉干、流泪、刺痛感觉、喉干、流泪、及令眼部出现疼痛、刺及令眼部出现疼痛、刺痛及灼热感觉。痛及灼热感觉。Formaldehyde甲醛甲醛 Smoking Pressed-wood products urea-formaldehyde foam insulation adhesives paints furniture,etc.吸烟吸烟 压制板材压制板材 尿素甲醛泡沫绝缘尿素甲醛泡沫绝缘材料材料 粘合剂粘合剂 油漆油漆 家具家具甲醛是高度活性的气体。甲醛是高度活性的气体。能引起眼部及呼吸道不能引起眼部及呼吸道不适，若吸入过量甲醛，适，若吸入过量甲醛，亦会破坏肺部组织。亦会破坏肺部组织。25Indoor Air PollutantsSourcesPotential Health EffectsVolatile organic compounds挥发性有机化合挥发性有机化合物物 Cleaning agents Disinfectants Paints and solvents Printing inks Furniture and furnishings Smoking,etc.清洁剂清洁剂 消毒剂消毒剂 油漆及溶剂油漆及溶剂 印刷墨水印刷墨水 家具及装饰物家具及装饰物 吸烟吸烟室内环境有上千钟有机化合物室内环境有上千钟有机化合物存在，很多是从家具及装饰物存在，很多是从家具及装饰物中释放出的，如油漆及溶剂等，中释放出的，如油漆及溶剂等，其中有些是致癌物质，如苯等。其中有些是致癌物质，如苯等。Radon氡氡 Granite used in building materials 建筑材料中所建筑材料中所使用的花岗岩使用的花岗岩氡气是放射性气体，会引起肺氡气是放射性气体，会引起肺癌。癌。Microbials微生物微生物 Proliferation under suitable conditions,e.g.high humidity 在潮湿及适当在潮湿及适当环境下滋生环境下滋生有些微生物含有毒素，是病原有些微生物含有毒素，是病原体，能引起感冒症状或发烧。体，能引起感冒症状或发烧。Environmental tobacco smoke二手烟二手烟 Smoking 吸烟吸烟二手烟包含超过二手烟包含超过4000种物质种物质（其中（其中60种已知是致癌或可能种已知是致癌或可能致癌的物质）。二手烟能引起致癌的物质）。二手烟能引起呼吸道不适，危害心肌系统及呼吸道不适，危害心肌系统及引致癌症。引致癌症。26Three approaches to control IAQ Source control Use better materials Cleaning and filtration Ventilation control Local ventilation General ventilation Air Cleaners271.Introduction an interdisciplinary science how to identify research trends 2.IAQ,the Science nature of the IAQ science three stages of development 3.Research Trends classified into seven categories 4.Research Questions five enigmas or questions5.Strategic Goals what should we be trying to resolve fifty years from now?6.Conclusions28Frequently used words and phrases:Indoor Air Quality(IAQ)室内空气品质室内空气品质interdisciplinary 跨学科的、交叉学科的跨学科的、交叉学科的Environmental Sustainable Development 环境可持续发展环境可持续发展pollutants 污染物污染物occupant 居住者、室内人员居住者、室内人员receptor 受体受体expose to 暴露在暴露在PM(Particulate Matter)颗粒物颗粒物VOC(Volatile Organic Compounds)挥发性有机化合物挥发性有机化合物ETS(environmental tobacco smoke)吸烟引起的烟物吸烟引起的烟物291.IAQ is an interdisciplinary science2.The IAQ science is an integral component of the Environmental Sustainable Development;it is the science that investigates the environmental domain,possibly the polluted environmental domain,where individuals spend upwards of 90 percent of their time.3.IAQ scientists must document the quality of indoor environments and they must estimate and justify with sound science the risks associated with exposures to pollutants in indoor environments.interdisciplinary science:交叉学科交叉学科integral component:不可分割的部分不可分割的部分 domain:领域、范围领域、范围upwards of:超过、多于超过、多于 document:以文件证明以文件证明 sound：合理的、合适的合理的、合适的 exposure:暴露暴露304.The problem is identified clearly,(i)indoor air pollutants are found at higher concentrations than corresponding outdoor levels,and(ii)individuals spent upwards of 90 percent of their time indoors.5.The problem has been characterized in many countries and areas by establishing pollutant distributions and well-investigated time budgets6.The third stage is an ongoing process,a helix like procedure leads to greater knowledge and new areas in need of further research.indoor air pollutants:室内空气污染物室内空气污染物 concentration:浓度浓度pollutant distributions:污染物分布污染物分布 time budgets:时间分布预期时间分布预期ongoing:正在进行的正在进行的 helix:螺旋螺旋