高物理中英文对照表.doc

高一物理名词概念规律集合(中英文对照)
力学
力学
mechanics
力
force
力是物体间的作用
Force is the interaction of objects.
力的图示
force diagram
力有大小和方向
A force has both a magnitude and a direction.
牛顿
Newton
动力和阻力
motive force and resistance
重力
gravitational force
重量
weight
弹簧秤
a spring balance
重心
center of gravity or gravitational center
质量分布均匀的物体（匀质物体）,重心的位置只跟物体的形状有关
For a body with homogeneously distributed mass (homogeneous body）， the location of its gravitational center depends on its shape.
弹力
elastic force
拉力，压力和支持力
full, pressure and supporting force
形变
deformation
弹性限度
elastic limit
拉伸形变,压缩形变，弯曲形变，扭转形变
stretched deformation， pressed deformation, bending deformation, twist deformation
压力的方向垂直于支持面指向被压的物体，支持力的方向垂直于支持面指向被支持的物体
The direction of a pressure is perpendicular to the supporting surface and points to the pressed object， while the direction of a supporting force is perpendicular to the supporting surface but points to the supported object。
胡克定律
Hook’s law： The extension of a piece of wire is directly proportional to the applied force providing the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.
摩擦力
frictional force
滑动摩擦力
sliding frictional force
滑动摩擦力的方向总是跟接触面相切，并且跟物体相对运动的方向相反
The direction of the sliding frictional force is always tangential to the surfaces in contact and is opposite to the direction of the relative motion。
滑动摩擦力跟压力成正比
The sliding frictional force is directly proportional to the pressure.
动摩擦因数
the dynamic friction factor
滚动摩擦
rolling friction
静摩擦力
static frictional force
静摩擦力的方向总是跟接触因相切，并且跟物体相对运动趋势的方向相反
The direction of the static frictional force is always tangential to the contacting surfaces and is in the opposite direction to the tendency of the relative motion。
最大静摩擦力
the maximum static frictional force
力的合成
composition of forces
合力
resultant (force)
共点力
concurrent forces： If a number of forces act on the same point of an object, or their lines of application intersect at a common point， the forces are called the concurrent forces.
力的等效替代
equivalent and substitution of force
平行四边行定则
the parallelogram rule
矢量和标量
Vector and Scalar
力的分解
resolution of force
分力
component
运动学
机械运动
mechanical motion
参考系
reference system
质点
mass point
轨迹
locus
直线运动
rectilinear motion
曲线运动
curvilinear motion
时刻和时间
moment and time interval
位移和路程
displacement and distance
匀速直线运动
uniform rectilinear motion: If an object is moving along a straight line and travels an equal distance in an equal time intervals, this motion is called uniform rectilinear motion。
位移—时间图像
distance-tine graph
变速直线运动
variable straight—line motion
速度和速率
velocity and speed
平均速度和瞬时速度
Average velocity and instantaneous velocity
速率
instantaneous speed or speed
速度—时间图像
velocity—time graph
匀变速直线运动
uniform variable rectilinear motion: If the changes of the velocity are equal in equal time in variable rectilinear motion， the motion is called uniform variable rectilinear motion。
加速度
acceleration
初速度
initial velocity
末速度
final velocity
自由落体运动
free—fall motion
自由落体加速度,重力加速度
free-fall acceleration or gravitational acceleration
牛顿运动定律
Newton’s laws of motion
牛顿第一定律
Newton’s first law of motion: All objects continue to be in its state of uniform rectilinear motion or state of rest until being compelled to change its states by some forces。
牛顿第二定律
Newton’s second law of motion: The acceleration of an object is in direct proportion to the resultant force acting on it and in inverse proportion to the mass, the acceleration is in the same direction as the resultant。
牛顿第三定律
Newton’s third law of motion： The action and reaction forces of two bodies are always equal in magnitude， opposite in direction and acting on the same straight line。
惯性
inertia: The inertia of a body only depends on its mass。
理想实验
hypothetical experiments
运动学
kinematics
动力学
dynamics
气垫导轨
air cushion guide
基本单位和导出单位
fundamental units and derived units
超重和失重，完全失重
overweight and weightlessness,complete weightlessness
共点力作用下物体的平衡
equilibrium of an object acted on by concurrent forces
力的平衡
equilibrium of the forces
圆周运动
物体做曲线运动的条件
the condition for a body to be in curvilinear motion： When the direction of the net force a body experiences and the direction of the velocity of the body do not fall in the same straight line, the body is in curvilinear motion.
运动的合成与分解
composition and resolution of motion
分运动与合运动
component motions and resultant motion
合位移与分位移
resultant displacement and component displacement
合速度与分速度
resultant velocity and component velocity
平抛运动
motion of horizontally projected objects
平抛运动
projectile motion: If you throw an object horizontally with a certain initial velocity， neglecting air resistance, the body will move with only the force of gravity acting on it. Such motion is called projectile motion.
An projectile motion can be resolved into a horizontal uniform rectilinear motion and a vertical free-fall motion。

匀速圆周运动
uniform circular motion: If a particle, moving along a circle， passes an equal arc in equal time, this motion is called uniform circular motion。
线速度,角速度，周期和频率
linear velocity, angular velocity, period and frequency
转速
rotational speed （its unit is revolutions per second）
向心力
centripetal force
向心加速度
centripetal acceleration
切向加速度
tangential acceleration
离心现象
centrifugal phenomenon
离心运动
centrifugal motion
天一运动
万有引力定律
the law of universal gravitation: Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the squared distance between them。
引力常量
gravitational constant
天体 celestial body

人造卫星
artificial satellite
宇宙速度
(the first/ second/ third）cosmic velocity
功和能
功和能
work and energy
机械能
mechanical energy
焦耳
joule
正功和负功
positive work and negative work
功率
power
瓦特
watt
平均功率与瞬时功率
average power and instantaneous power
动能与势能
kinetic energy and potential energy
动能定理
theorem of kinetic energy： The work done by the resultant force on a body is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body.
重力势能
gravitational potential energy
参考平面
reference level
弹性势能
elastic potential energy
位能
energy of position
机械能守恒定律
the law of conservation of mechanical energy： When only the gravitational force does work, the kinetic and the gravitational potential energy can be converted form one to another and the total mechanical energy remains conserved。
机械振动
机械振动
mechanical vibration
弹簧振子
spring oscillator
回复力
restoring force
振幅、周期和频率
amplitude， period and frequency
固有频率
inherent frequency
振动图像
vibration graph
单摆
Simple pendulum
阻尼振动
damped vibration
简谐运动
simple harmonic motion
受迫振动
forced vibration
物体做受迫振动时，振动稳定后的频率等于驱动力的频率,跟物体的固有频率无关。
When a body undergoes a forced vibration, its steady vibration frequency equals the frequency of the driving force and it is independent of its inherent frequency。
共振 resonance
The amplitude of the forced vibration increases when the frequency of the driving force is close to the inherent frequency of the object。 Such a phenomenon is called resonance。
驱动力
driving force
共鸣
sound resonance
机械波
波
wave
无线电波
radio waves
机械波
mechanical waves
电磁波
electromagnetic waves
声波
sound waves
地震波
Seismic waves
波的形成和传播
the formation and transmission of waves
横波和纵波
transverse waves and longitudinal waves
波峰和波谷
crest and trough
密部和疏部
compression part and rarefaction part
介质
media
波的图像或波形图、波形曲线
the graph of a wave or waveform graph/curve
简谐波
a simple harmonic wave
波长
wavelength
频率
frequency
波速
wave velocity

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