专四语法第1节-语法基本概念.doc

专四语法第1节-语法基本概念

第一节 语法基本概念
一 单词
句子都是由单词组成的。英语单词可根据词类或词性（Parts of Speech）分类如下：
名词 Noun 代词Pronoun
动词Verb 形容词Adjective
数词 Numeral 副词 Adverb
实词
Notional Word
冠词 Article 介词 Preposition
连词 Conjunction 感叹词 Interjection
虚词
Form Word
二 短语
具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词，叫做短语（Phrase）。短语的种类很多，除了名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语外，还有不定式短语（Gerundial Phrase）、分词短语（Participial Phrase）、介词短语（Prepositional Phrase）、独立短语（Absolute Phrase）等。
三 句子
谓语动词是句子的必要成分之一。由于动词有5种不同的种类，故构成5种不同的基本剧情（Basic Patterns of Sentences）。
1. 主语＋谓语动词（不及物动词）
Every minute counts. 分秒必争。
2. 主语＋谓语动词（及物动词）＋宾语
You should look out for pickpockets. 你应当提防扒手。
3. 主语＋系动词＋表语
Truth is the daughter of time. 时间见真理。
4. 主语＋谓语动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
Please pass me the dictionary. 请把字典递给我。
5. 主语＋谓语动词＋宾语＋宾语补语
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只用功不玩耍，聪明的孩子也变傻。
四 句子成分
必须的成分：主语、谓语
可能有的成分：宾语、补语、修饰语（定语、状语、同位语）
1. 主语
（1） 主语（Subject）一般在句子开头，是句子的“陈述对象”，通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、相当于名词的词组或从句、引用充当。如：
The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都喜欢他们的英语老师。
They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看太多电视对你的眼睛是有害的。
What we need is a good rest. 我们需要的是好好休息一下。
“I love you”is often heard on Valentine’s Day. 情人节时，经常听到有人说“我爱你”。
（2） 形式主语与真实主语（Formal Subject and Real Subject）
主语是不定式短语、动名词短语或分句时，常会放在句尾，用it代替它原来的位置，这个it称为形式主语，放在句尾的原主语为真实主语。如：
It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很难。（不定式短语为真实主语，it为形式主语）
It’s a pity that you can’t come. 你不能来真是件遗憾的事。（句子为真实主语，it为形式主语）
2. 宾语
宾语（Object）是行为动作的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以使名词、代词、名词化的形容词、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语或句子。如：
I bought a ticket for Milan. 我买了一张去米兰的车票。
I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。
They decided to close the border. 他们决定封闭边境。
A rabbit ran out from under the table. 桌底下跑出来一只兔子。
We hoped that all would come well. 我们希望一切都会好转。
【专四真题】In “How much do you think he earns?” how much is _______ of the sentence.
A. the subject B. the adverbial C. the object D. the complement
译文：在“How much do you think he earns?”一句中，how much在句子中充当什么成分？
分析：在这个句子中，do you think为插入语，在How much he earns中，he是主语，earns是谓语动词，引导词How much作earns的宾语。因此选C。
（1） 直接宾语与间接宾语（Direct Object and Indirect Object）
英语中的授予动词（Dative Verb,有“给予”、“告知”、“拒绝”等类似意义的动词）要求接双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指所给予或告知的“事物”；间接宾语指接受或被告知事物的“人”。间接宾语可置于直接宾语之后，但前面需加介词to或for。
Please show me your passport. 请把护照给我看一下。(me为间接宾语，your passport 为直接宾语。)
The arrangement saved lots of time for us. 这个安排省了我们很多时间。（lots of time为直接宾语，us为间接宾语。）
On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person. 在公共汽车上，他经常把座位让给老人。（his seat为直接宾语，an old person为间接宾语。）
（3） 形式宾语与真实宾语（Formal Object and Real Object）
作宾语用的短语或从句之后接有宾语补语时，必须将用作宾语的短语或从句放在补语之后，用it代替它的原位置；这个it称谓形式宾语，放在补语之后的宾语为真实宾语。如：
I think it wrong to waste time. 我认为浪费时间是不对的。（不定式短语是真实宾语，it是形式宾语，wrong是宾语补语。）
3.表语
位置上，表语（Predicative）总位于系动词之后，与系动词一起构成系动词的谓语；意义上，表语通常说明主语的身份、特征或状态。名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语或句子可充当表语。如：
They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。
What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这个。
This is what I want to say. 这是我想说的。
Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。
The proof of the Pudding is in the eating. 布丁好不好，吃了才知道。
4.补语
补语（Complement）是起补充说明作用的成分，用以弥补主语或宾语意义的不足。补语可分为主语补语（Subject Complement）和宾语补语（Object Complement）,一般由名动名词、形容词、介副词、不定式、分词充当。如：
They considered that a downright lie. 他们认为那是彻头彻尾的谎言。（宾语that的补语） I found everything in good condition.我看到一切都并然有序。(宾语everything的补语) That man has never been seen to smile.从没见那个人笑过。(主语that man的补语) Foreigners are called Lao Wai.外国人被称为“老外”。(主语Foreigners 的补语) *注意: 后跟名词作宾语补语的动词有call, name, think, make, choose 等，后跟形容词作宾语补语的谓语词有keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补语时，当谓语动词为感官动词（如feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at等）、使役动词（如let, have, make等），动词不定式不带to。
5.定语 定语(Attribute)起修饰限定名词或代词的作用,单词用作定语时，一般置于所修饰的名词之前;短语和从句用作定语时,一般置于所修饰的名词之后。可分为前置定语和后置定语。可用作定语的有名词、形容词、代词、数词、动名词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等。
His father is a doctor.他父亲是一名医生。
Mr. Green has two sons.格林先生有两个儿子。
The girl under the tree is Kate.在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。
The man downstairs couldn't sleep well.楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。
That's the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。
6.状语
状语(Adverbial)是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度和伴随状语等。如:
I often get up at 5:30 in the morning.我常常在早上5:30起床。
Pandas only live in China.熊猫仅生活在中国。
You should put the book where it was.你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。 We'll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding.大雨滂沱,造成洪水泛滥。
7.同位语
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置,其中一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分时，前者就叫做后者的同位语(Appositive)。同位语一般紧跟在其所说明的名词之后。可以用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语和句子等。
His brother John is a famous musician.他的哥哥约翰是一个有名的音乐家。
Are you three all right? 你们三个好了吗?
Their plan, going abroad, did not come true.他们出国的计划没有实現。
We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
Your last question, “Why didn't he speak to us?” can best be answered by you .你的最后一个问题--他为什么不和我们说话?--最好由你来回答。
【专四真题】All the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPT
A. Only one problem still remains--the food.
B. She bought herself a pair of new shoes.
C. My friends all understand and support me.
D. She liked her current job, teaching English.
译文:下面哪个句子没有同位语成分?
分析:A项破折号后面的the food补充说明主语only one problem,是非限制性同位语;C项中的代词all是my friends的同位语;D项逗号后的动名词teaching English补充说明her current job,是它的同位语。B项含有buy sb. sth. 的双宾语结构,herself是bought的间接宾语,a pair of shoes是直接宾语，句中没有同位语。

五.句子类型

1. 从句子结构来看，句子可分为：
(1)简单句(Simple Sentence):只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分。如
Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是迈向成功的第一步。(主语Confidence in yourself,系动词is,表语the first step...)
(2) 并列句(Compound Sentence):包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间常由连词连接，如:Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.隔墙有耳。(and连接两个简单句)
(3) 复合句(Complex Sentence): 由主旬(Main/Principal Clause )和从句(Subordinate Cause)构成，内含一个或一个以上的从句。其中，主句是能够独立存在并能表达一个完整意思的分句;而从句则是依附主句,在主句中充当一个句子成分的分句，一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。
从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、同位语等句子成分，主要的从句有:
主语从句(Subject Clause),如:What he needs is that book.他需要的是那本书。
表语从句(Predicative Clause),如：Fame and personal gain is what they're after.他们追求的是名利。
宾语从句(Object Clause)，如:Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们已经决定了提名谁当候选人吗?
定语从句(Attributive Clause)，如:This is the thing I want to say.这就是我要说的。
状语从旬(Adverbial Claus)，如:Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
同位语从句(Appositive Clause)，如:Word came that he had been abroad.据说他已经出国了。
(4) 并列复合句(Compound Complex Sentence):由一个复合句和另一个简单句或复合句由并列连词(可用分号代替and)连接而成的句子。如:
The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted.警察狐疑地打量
着我，问我要干什么。(“简单旬+and+复合句";复合句中的从句what I wanted 为asked的直接宾语,me 为间接宾语)
2.从说话人说话的目的来看,句子可分为:
(1) 陈述句(Declarative Sentence)用来叙述事实或表达意见，句尾永远是句号。如 ：
I saw him just now.我刚才看见他了。(肯定)
History will not repeat itself.历史不会重演。(否定)
(2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)用来提出疑间，句尾永远是问号。如:
Did you see him just now? 你刚才见到他了吗?
(3)祈使句(Imperative Sentence)用无to不定式作动词，表示请求，命令、允许等，句尾通常是句号，但有时也用感叹号表示指令不可违抗。祈使句中的主语是you时,经常省略，也可将是you或其他说话对象说出来表区分，但谓语动词不可添加s。如:
Please come in.请进来。(表允许)
Don’t touch it.不要动它。(表命令)
Everybody stand up.每一个人请起立。(stand不可用stands)
Nobody move! 不许动。(move不可用moves)
(4）感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)表示强烈感情或情绪的句子称为感叹句,句尾常用感叹号! 常用的结构有:what(a/an)+a. +n.(+主语+谓语+其他成分);how +a./ad.(+主语+谓语)。也可以用how dare/dared (+主语+谓语)表示说话人的愤怒。除此，口语中还可以用陈述句、祈使旬、疑问句表达感叹。如:
What a beautiful voice she has!=How beautiful a voice she has!她嗓子多好啊！
How smart she is! 她多么聪明啊!
How dare you open my letters! 你竟敢拆我的信!

配套练习：
1. In “what do you think will be discussed in the meeting next week?”, the italicized word is
Of the sentence.
A. the subject B. the complement C. an object D. an attribute
2. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object complement?
A. Have you got everything ready for your journey?
B. Don’t married young.
C. This fruit can be eaten raw.
D. Alone and broke, Hamas struggles to rule.
3. In the sentence “She walks out of the house, followed by a little boy”, the past participle is used as
A. an attribute B. an adverbial C. a complement. D. a predicative
4. In the sentence “His ambition to become an astronaut deserve our support”, the italicized part is used as
B. an attribute B. an appositive C. a complement D. an adverbial
5. The following sentences have an indirect object EXCEPT
A. Our teacher tells us some stories.
B. Mr. Smith gave a watch to me.
C. My grandma told him the truth last night.
D. We consider him to be a good teacher.
6. All of the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPT
A. My wife herself has begun her own business.
B. This word, dyeing, is often misspelled.
C. Her book Color and Design was published last week.
D. Health, and not money, is what I want.
7. Which of the following infinitives(不定式)functions as an adverbial?
A. Her chief desire is to educate her child well.
B. He woke up to find everybody gone.
C. I have nothing to say on this question.
D. He asked me to talk about English study.
8. In the sentence “He has a wish to travel round the whole country”, the italicized part is
C. an attribute B. an adverbial C. a complement D. an appositive
9. In “I saw a thief stealing something”, the italicized part is
A. A predicative B. an attribute. C. a complement D. an adverbial
10. In the sentence “The basket full of some fruits belongs to the old woman”, the italicized part is
A. an appositive B. an attribute C. an adverbial D. an object
11. Which of the following contains an adverbial of cause?
A. He failed to lift the rock in spite of all his exertions.
B. To draw the map properly, you need a special pen.
C. For all her wealth, she never wastes money on luxury goods.
D. With all this work to do, I don’t know whether I can go out.
12. Which of the following words can NOT be used to complete “ the teacher came”?
A. Often B. Nearly C. Eventually D. Almost
13. In the sentence “He did everything possible to help us”, the italicized word is used to modify
A. The subject B. The predicate C. The object D. The infinitive phrase
14. In “How much do you think she drinks?” how much is of the sentence.
A. the subject B. the object C. the complement D. the adverbial
15. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?
A. What delightful weather we are having!
B. How empty and pedantic a thinker he is!
C. What shame to deceive the girl!
D. How sunny the weather is!
16. In “He will come to learn driving from you”, the infinitive indicates
A. cause B. purpose C. result D. direction
17. In “We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families”, “for” is used to indicate
A. purpose B. cause C. direction D. result
18. Which of the following sentences has a formal subject?
A. It was 5 o’clock when he come here.
B. It is no use trying it again.
C. It was yesterday that I met her.
D. I find it easy to get on with her.
19. In “She felt sick from tiredness”, the italicized word is used to indicate
A. comparison B. purpose C. cause D. direction
20. Which of the following sentences has an object complement?
A. I will buy you a present. B. Mum gave me a necklace.
C. I’m going to paint it pink. D. Tom is teaching children Japanese.
21. Which of the following italicized parts explains PURPOSE?
A. He is such an honest man that we all believe in him.
B. Please open the window so that we can breathe fresh air.
C. I returned home in a hurry, only to find my house broken into.
D. He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.
22. In the sentence “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”, the italicized phrase is?
A. an adverbial B. a complement C. the object D. the subject
23. Which of the following italicized parts explains CAUSE?
A. The temperature varies from 30 degrees to minus 20.
B. I work hard so as to get promoted.
C. For all his efforts, he didn’t pass the exam.
D. I was frightened at the terrible sight.
24. The sentence that expresses COMPLAINT is
A. How did you find the new product?
B. Don’t you like playing badminton?
C. When will you go this weekend?
D. Couldn’t you be a little bit quiet?
25. In “Can you show me your photo？”, the italicized part is the of the sentence.
A. object complement B. direct object C. subject complement D. indirect object
26. Which of the following prepositional phrases is used as attributive?
A. Just make yourself at home.
B. He arrived after me.
C. Hand me the book on the desk.
D. My busiest time is from nine to ten.
27. All the following sentences have a passive meaning EXCEPT
A. We must be prepared for the worst.
B. How did the window get broken.
C. A note was passed up to the speaker.
D. I won’t have my house turned into a hotel.
28. In the sentence “This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world”, the italicized word is
A. an object B. an attribute C. a predicative D. a complement
29. Which of the following reflective pronouns functions as an appositive?
A. She prided herself on her cooking.
B. I haven’t been myself for weeks.
C. He travelled to London by himself.
D. She wanted to see Tom himself.
30. All of the following italicized parts are used as a subject EXCEPT
A. It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.
B. It is no good reading without full understanding.
C. We consider it our duty to obey the regulations.
D. It is important that we should guarantee the quality of the products.
31. The object in the sentence “She wishes to learn English from you” is
A. she B. English C. from you D. to learn English from you
32．Which of the italicized parts functions as a subject? 12-57
A．We never doubt that her brother is honest．
B．The problem is not who will go but who will stay．
C．You must give it back to whoever it belongs to.
D．It is clear that the crime was done deliberately．
33．In the sentence "It's no use waiting for her", the italicized phrase is____. 10-61
A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subject
34. Which of in the following phrases indicates a subject-predicate relationship?
A. The arrival of the tourists B. The law of Newton
C. The occupation of the island D. The plays of Oscar Wilde
35. Which of the following reflexive pronouns used as an object? 14-60
A. I spoke to the president himself. B. You must pull yourself together.
C. Linda herself will play the violin D. Frank is not quite himself today.
36. In "How much do you think he earns?",“how much” is ______ of the sentence. 09-64
A. the sub