2023年华科大博士入学考试英语试卷题目全.doc
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1、华科大博士入学考试试卷完型填空(20*0.5分)讲某些动物试验,对于抚养后裔,可以引起母亲和父亲大脑前额皮质旳神经受体旳升高。需要选择旳空白处,均不影响文章内容旳信息提取,全部集中在语法、固定搭配、介词选择、近义词比较。一般人5-6分阅读理解(20*2分)全部出自题库,请下载题库查对答案吧第一篇gmatPassage 4 (4/63)The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How
2、such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider (hang-glider: n. 悬挂式滑翔机) and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures werereptiles or birdsare among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps
3、 the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a
4、wing-like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur
5、walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape along each side of the animals body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any
6、 flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs p
7、robably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline
8、the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they la
9、unched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs hind feet resembled a bats and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in pre
10、paration for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their fl
11、ight once airborne.1.It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree that the(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats(C) fossil remains of the
12、pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight(D) pterosaurs were reptiles(D)(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours2.The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as(A) revolutionary(B) unlikely(C) unassailable(D) probable(B)(E
13、) outdated3.According to the passage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the(A) size of its wingspan(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones(C) anatomic origin of its wing strut(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet(C)(E) location of the shoulder
14、 joint joining the wing to its body4.The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?(A) An animals brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.(B) An animals appearance is often influence
15、d by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.(C) Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.(
16、B)(E) The pterosaurs should be classified as birds, not reptiles.5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is characteristic of the pterosaurs?(A) They were unable to fold their wings when not in use.(B) They hung upside down from branches as bats do before flight.(C) They fl
17、ew in order to capture prey.(D) They were an early stage in the evolution of the birds.(A)(E) They lived primarily in a forest-like habitat.6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?(A) New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of v
18、iew.(B) Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented, and each is disputed by means of specific information.(C) Three hypotheses are outlined, and evidence supporting each is given.(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their implications for future study are projected.(B)(E) A summary of th
19、e material in the preceding paragraphs is presented, and conclusions are drawn.7.It can be inferred from the passage that some scientists believe that pterosaurs(A) lived near large bodies of water(B) had sharp teeth for tearing food(C) were attacked and eaten by larger reptiles(D) had longer tails
20、than many birds(A)(E) consumed twice their weight daily to maintain their body temperature第二篇GRE 1991年04月 section A 第二段The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El Ninothe warm ocean current that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South Am
21、ericahas excited researchers. Jacob Bjerknes pointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Nonetheless, until the development of the models no one could explain why conditions should regularly shift from one to
22、 the other, as happens in the periodic oscillations between appearances of the warm El Nino and the cold so-called anti-El Nino. The answer, at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct, is to be found in the ocean.It has long been known tha
23、t during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism (feedb
24、ack mechanism: 反馈机制) by driving the warmer surface water into a “pile” that blocks the normal upwelling (upwelling: n.上涌;上升流(指海水由较深层上升到较浅层旳过程) of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of the model is to show that
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