2ComparativeTheory.pptx
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1、Chapter TwoComparing Political SystemsComparative Politics Today,9/eAlmond,Powell,Dalton&StrmPearson Education,Inc.publishing as Longman 2008Why We Compare“Without comparisons to make,the mind Without comparisons to make,the mind does not know how to proceeddoes not know how to proceed.”.”-Tocquevil
2、le-Tocqueville Benefits of comparisonBenefits of comparison Methodological core of the scientific study of Methodological core of the scientific study of politicspolitics AristotleAristotle Contemporary political scientists Contemporary political scientists Try to explain differences between the pro
3、cesses and Try to explain differences between the processes and performances of political systemsperformances of political systemsHow We Compare First stage in the study of politics is First stage in the study of politics is description.description.To describe it we need a set of concepts that To de
4、scribe it we need a set of concepts that are clearly defined and well understood.are clearly defined and well understood.Conceptual frameworkConceptual framework Easier this set of concepts is to understand and Easier this set of concepts is to understand and the more generally it can be applied,the
5、 more the more generally it can be applied,the more helpful it is to the study of politics.helpful it is to the study of politics.Political Systems:Environment and Interdependence To utilize a structural-functional systems framework To utilize a structural-functional systems framework to compare pol
6、itical systems we need to discuss to compare political systems we need to discuss three general concepts:three general concepts:System:suggests an object having interdependent parts,System:suggests an object having interdependent parts,acting within a setting or an environmentacting within a setting
7、 or an environment StructureStructure Function Function Political system:a set of institutions and agencies Political system:a set of institutions and agencies concerned with formulating and implementing the concerned with formulating and implementing the collective goals of a society or of groups w
8、ithin itcollective goals of a society or of groups within itPolitical Systems:Environment and Interdependence Governments are the policymaking parts of political systems.Governments are the policymaking parts of political systems.Decisions of governments are normally backed up by legitimate Decision
9、s of governments are normally backed up by legitimate coercion;obedience may be compelled.coercion;obedience may be compelled.A political system exists in both an international environment A political system exists in both an international environment and a domestic environment.and a domestic enviro
10、nment.A system receives inputs from these environments.A system receives inputs from these environments.International International Exchanges among countries may vary in many ways:small to great.Exchanges among countries may vary in many ways:small to great.Interdependence has increased enormously i
11、n the last decades.Interdependence has increased enormously in the last decades.GlobalizationGlobalizationDomesticDomesticEconomic and social systemsEconomic and social systemsPolitical culture of its citizensPolitical culture of its citizensPolitical Systems:Structures and Functions Structures:parl
12、iaments,bureaucracies,administrative Structures:parliaments,bureaucracies,administrative agencies,and courtsagencies,and courts Structures perform functions,which in turn enable Structures perform functions,which in turn enable the government to formulate,implement,and the government to formulate,im
13、plement,and enforce its policies.enforce its policies.Policies reflect the goals;the agencies provide the means.Policies reflect the goals;the agencies provide the means.Six types of political structures:political parties,interest Six types of political structures:political parties,interest groups,l
14、egislatures,executives,bureaucracies,and courts.groups,legislatures,executives,bureaucracies,and courts.Formal organizations engaged in political activities.Formal organizations engaged in political activities.Some structures,such as ruling military councils or governing Some structures,such as ruli
15、ng military councils or governing royal families,are found in only a few countries.royal families,are found in only a few countries.Similar structures may have very different functions across Similar structures may have very different functions across political systems.political systems.Ex:China and
16、 BritainEx:China and BritainPolitical Systems:Structures and Functions Process functionsProcess functions:distinctive activities necessary for policy to:distinctive activities necessary for policy to be made and implemented in any kind of political systembe made and implemented in any kind of politi
17、cal systemInterest articulationInterest articulationInvolves individuals and groups expressing their needs and demandsInvolves individuals and groups expressing their needs and demandsInterest aggregationInterest aggregationCombines different demands into policy proposals backed by significant Combi
18、nes different demands into policy proposals backed by significant political resourcespolitical resourcesPolicymakingPolicymakingDecides which policy proposals are to become authoritative rulesDecides which policy proposals are to become authoritative rulesPolicy implementationPolicy implementationCa
19、rries out and enforces public policies;policy adjudication settles Carries out and enforces public policies;policy adjudication settles disputes about their applicationdisputes about their applicationPolitical Systems:Structures and Functions Three additional functions which are not directly involve
20、d in Three additional functions which are not directly involved in making and implementing public policy-socialization,making and implementing public policy-socialization,recruitment,and communication,are fundamentally important.recruitment,and communication,are fundamentally important.These are The
21、se are SYSTEMSYSTEM functions.functions.They determine whether or not the system will be maintained or They determine whether or not the system will be maintained or changed.changed.Political socialization:involves families,schools,communications media,Political socialization:involves families,schoo
22、ls,communications media,churches,and all the various political structures that develop,reinforce churches,and all the various political structures that develop,reinforce and transform the political culture,the attitudes of political significance and transform the political culture,the attitudes of p
23、olitical significance in the societyin the societyPolitical recruitment:refers to the selection of people for political Political recruitment:refers to the selection of people for political activity and government officesactivity and government officesPolitical communication:refers to the flow of in
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- ComparativeTheory
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