外文翻译汽车底盘构造.pdf

附 录 外文资料及翻译 Automobile chassisstructure The modern automobiles,as you know,evolved from the horse-drawn carriage which was gradually replaced in the early part of last century.Early automobiles even looked like carriages.As the automobile made a place for itself in our daily lives,it also become more and more expensive to purchase,use,and maintain.Automobile expenses now account for a substantial portion of most family budgets.In fact,one out of every four retail sales dollars goes for an automotive-related purchase.To make the best buy,a consumer must understand how work and what kinds of attention they need to stay in good shape.Knowledge of the automobile is equally important for anyone considering employment in the automotive industry.This chapter will begin the study of the automobile with an examination of its major components-frame,body,engine,drivetrain,and chassis.Chassis The term chassis describes all the parts of the automobile under the body.The chassis forms the main structure of the modern automobile.A large number of designs in pressed-steel frame form a skeleton on which the engine,wheels,axle assemblies,transmission,steering mechanism,brakes,and suspension members are mounted.During the manufacturing process the body is flexibly bolted to the chassis.The major components of the basic chassis are the frame,engine,drivetrain,wheels,tires,steering,brakes,suspension and steering-everything needed to drive the car.In addition,several other systems are mounted to the chassis assembly.The wheels of the automobile are connected to the frame t by a system of springs,shock absorbers,and linkages that make up the cars suspension system.The suspension system absorbs road shocks as the vehicle travels over rough roads and holds the tire and wheel in correct alignment with the car and the road.It also allows the tires and wheels to move up and down relative to the body over bumps and chuckholes.Another important chassis component is the steering system,which allows the driver to control the direction the car travels.The steering wheel,which the driver controls,is connected to a gearbox that multiplies the drivers effort.The gearbox is linked to the front wheel of the vehicle.The last major chassis component is the braking system the function,the function of which is to either reduce the vehicles speed,bring the vehicle to a halt,or keep it stationary if already halted.When the driver pushes on the brake pedal,hydraulic fluid is forced out of a master cylinder to each of the four wheels.The resulting hydraulic pressure operates a drum or disk brake assembly to slow or stop the cars wheels.Engine Diesel engines are substantially more efficient than gasoline engines by an estimate of 35-40 percent,producing more power per unit of fuel burned.The efficiency of the diesel engine has been greatly enhanced by the use of turbochargers and charged-air cooling,which has resulted in increased power and performance at minimum fuel consumption rates.Advancements in engine design also mean diesel is no longer considered a dirty fuel.Fuel injection and control strategies have produced the smokeless diesel.The role of the engine cylinder is to enable the importation of fuel combustion and a driving force.Hyundai Motor wider use of Reciprocating Engine,which generally organisms,with gas,crank linkage,fuel oil supply systems,cooling systems,ignition systems,launch systems and other components.Site to accept the engine driving force,so that a sports car,and to ensure that the driver of the vehicle in accordance with the manipulation of normal traffic.Clutch The main function of clutch is cut off and realize the transmission of engine power transmission to ensure that when the car started the engine and transmission smooth joint,to ensure a smooth start car in the shift when the engine and transmission of separation,to reduce transmission of the shift Gear between the impact in their work by the larger dynamic load,we can limit transmission of the largest faced by the torque to prevent the transmission of some parts due to the overload and damage to effectively reduce the transmission of noise and vibration.Gear Box A gear box is a speed and power changing device installed at some point between the engine and driving wheels of the vehicle.It provides a means for changing the ration between engine and driving wheels rpm to best meet each particular driving situation.The gear box is a device that is connected to the back of the engine and e same average speed.This is why these vehicles are hard to turn on concrete when the four-wheel-drive system is engaged.Each wheel is sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels.An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain range.Front Axle Front axlw is used for steering front wheels carried on stubaxles swiveling upon king pins at the axle extremities.Seering Systems Steering arms and a track rod link the two stub axles together for swiveling them by a steering wheel about the king pins.The steering wheel linked to one of the stub axles by a shaft,a gear box and a suitable linkage is opeated by the drivers hand wheel.Previously the axle-a onepiece beam was used to support the vehicle through springs,An arrangement known ad independent front suspension has replaced the axle and spring arrangement.Under the control of springs,the wheels are free to rise and fall vertically independently of each other.Drive Axle For fixing rear wheels,a tube like shaft enclosing driving shafts with suitable bearings for rotating the wheels is useds.It is enlarged at the center for enclosing the final drive gears used for providing main speed reduction between the engine and the driving wheels.The change of direction of the drive trom the fore and aft line of the propeller shaft to the transverse line of the axle shafts is also provided by this tube known as rear axle.The differential is a device that splits the engine torque two ways,allowing each output to spin at a different speed.It is found on all modern cars,and also in many all-wheel-drive vehicles.These all-wheel-drive vehicles need a differential between each set of drive wheels,and they need one between the front and the back wheels as well,because the front wheels travel a different distance through a turn than the rear wheels.Part-time four-wheel-drive systems dont have a differential between the front and rear wheels;instead,they are locked together so that the front and rear wheels have to turn at thprovided with its own separate halfshaft connected by a differential gear and meeting at about the center of the axle.The wheels are free to rotate at different speeds although they are provided with equal by the differential gear.Bake System For controlling the movement of the vehicles or to stop them,efficient braking system is a necessity for a vehicle.Brakes attached to each of the four wheels are of two types.In the initial type,a pair of shoes carried on a stationary plate is expanded in contact with a rotating drum mounted on the wheels to arrest the motion of the drum.In the modern type of brakes,one or more pairs of pads are carried in a caliper attached to the axle or wheel supporting linkage.The sides of the disk mounted on the wheel are griped by these pads.By applying pressure on a pedal,the brakes are applied.A hand lever acting through a separate linkage and locked in the on position is used.For operating the brake,either mechanical or hydraulic system is used.Mechanical system requiring gearing system for mechanical and hydraulic fluid for the hydraulic brakes are used Propeller Shaft AndUniwersal Joint For connecting the output shaft of the gear box to the rear axle,a long shaft known as propeller shaft is used.This shaft is either enclosed in a tubular casing or kept exposed or opened with a universal joint fitted at each end for allowing the changes in the shaft alignment with the rise and fall of the rear axle due to road surface variations.Universal joints cannot be eliminated even if the final drive gears are fixed to the frame with the wheel springing independently.Neither the misalignment resulting from the flexing of the vehicle structure over bumpy road surfaces can be avoided nor the precise alingnment of shaft can be ensured without them.For preventing the transmission of shock from uneven road surfaces to the vehicle,springs are used to support the vehicle on the axle.In order to allow for the vertical movements of the wheels relative to the frame as well as to allow the parts of the shaft to operate at different angle,another increasingly used arrangement is used.It consists of mounting the final-drive gears and the differential gear in a casing attached to the frame with independently sprung wheels attached to them by means of shafts through devices called universal joints.Wheels The wheels which are four in number are fitted below the car chassis to support the load of the vehicle and passengers as well as to run the car.Theyarefitted with hollow rubber tyres filled with air in rubber tubes under sufficient pressure necessary for carrying the load.Theshocks caused by road irregularities are absorbed by them.By fitting springs between the wheels and the vehicle allowing the vertical movement of wheels in relation to vehicle,greater part of unevenness of road surfaces is taken care of.When going round a curve,the inner wheel has to travel a smaller distance in comparison to the outer wheel.But both the rear wheels would rotate at the same speed if they are connected by a shaft.This rotation of both the wheels would result in slipping of one or both of them on the road surface causing excessive tyre wear as well as severe twisting loads on the shaft.Moreover,the two wheels of the exactly similar diameter(which is not usually so)can only turn at the same spddewitheout slip on the straight road.Tyres fitted on the opposite sides may be of different states of wear and even tyre of same nominal diameter made by different or same manufacturer may differ in actual dimensions or may not be exactly similar.Due to change of rolling radius(the distance from the wheel center to the ground)the effective size of the tyre many be altered by different inflation pressure also.Through the above exposition know,Vehicle performance depends not only on the merits of the auto component parts of the performance,and to a large extent depend on the components of the coordination and cooperation depends on the overall layout;The overall design of the level of vehicle design quality,performance and vitality products play a decisive impact 译文 汽车底盘构造 现代的汽车，是从上一个世纪早期用马车逐渐演变过来的。早期的汽车看起来更像支架。汽车在我们的日常生活中占有了一席之地，也变得越来越昂贵，在使用和维护方面。汽车费用现在占多数家庭预算的一个坚固部分。要做最佳的购买，消费者必须了解汽车工作状态，并且让它们保持在良好工作状态。汽车知识为考虑在汽车制造业就业的任何人都是同样重要的。本文主要研究汽车主要组分框架、身体、引擎、传动和底盘等。底盘 汽车底盘是指对汽车底部所有结构的描述。现代汽车的主要结构就是底盘结构。大量的设计要求是在发动机，轮胎，车轴组件，变速器，转向机构，制动器和悬架安装在钢制框架上。在底盘的制造过程中主要取决于螺栓的灵活性。底盘基本框架的主要组成部分是，发动机，动力传动系统，轮胎，转向装置，制动器，悬架和汽车转向所需要的所有部件。此外，其他几个系统是也被安装在底盘上。悬架系统无论是对穿越崎岖道路的旅行车辆轮胎还是对在正确公路上行驶的汽车轮胎都有吸收道路冲击的作用。当马路不平引起汽车颠簸时，它也能允许轮胎上下移动。另一个重要的底盘部分是转向系统，它是驾驶员用来控制汽车行驶方向的系统。驾驶员控制的方向盘被连接在变速器上，使驾驶员的控制力变强。这个变速器是被连接到车辆的前轮上。汽车底盘的另一个主要组成部分是制动系统，它的作用是能使行驶车辆减速，使车辆停止，如果车辆已停止将保持平稳状态。当驾驶员踩动刹车踏板时，液压油被迫离开主缸传到四个轮子中，由液压运动产生的鼓状和盘式制动器作用使汽车的轮胎放慢或停止。发动机 柴油发动机效率比汽油发动机的高 35%-40%，生产更多的电力单位燃料的燃烧。效率的柴油发动机已大大加强，使用涡轮增压器和带电空气冷却，从而导致更多的功率和性能，最低燃油消耗率。先进的发动机设计也意味着柴油已不再被视为“肮脏”的燃料。燃油喷射和控制战略已产生的“无烟”柴油。发动机的作用是使输入汽缸的燃料燃烧而发出动力。现代汽车广泛应用往复活塞式内燃机，它一般有机体，配气机构，曲柄连杆机构，燃油供油系统，冷却系统，点火系统，启动系统等部分组成。地盘接受发动机的动力，使汽车产生运动，并保证汽车按照驾驶员的操纵正常行驶。离合器 离合器的主要功用是切断和实现发动机对传动系的动力传递，保证汽车起步时使发动机和传动系平顺的接合，确保汽车平稳起步；在换挡时将发动机和传动系分离，减少变速器中换挡齿轮之间的冲击；在工作中受到较大的动载荷时，能限制传动系所承受的最大转矩，以防止传动系各部分零件因过载而损坏；有效地降低传动系中的振动和噪音。变速器 变速器是一个速力变化装置,安装在车辆的发动机和驱动轮之间.变速器用以改变发动机与驱动轮转速间的比率关系.以适应每种行驶状况.传输装置连接到背面的发动机发出的功率,从发动机驱动车轮.这样在一定的范围内汽车发动机的运行也会处于最佳状态。前桥 前桥是用来控制与固定在车桥两端上的部件并通过相互连接的在前车桥末端的转向节上进行转动。为减轻整车的质量,让整车结构更紧凑,采用膜片弹簧离合器,高速旋转时其性能 稳定，膜片弹簧离合器与螺旋弹簧离合器相比有以下优点,传递的转矩较大而且平稳，结构简单紧凑，操纵轻便,使用寿命长。转向器 转向器以及转向拉杆将两根转向轴连接起来并通过与转向节相连的转向盘转向轮来转动他们，转向盘通过一根轴连接到了转向摇臂的一端，变速器以及一个合适的连接轴通过驾驶员的操作而被执行。先前的单个桥是通过弹簧来支持汽车，在这里的布置还了解到采用独立前悬已经取代了车轴和弹簧的所一起布置形成的系统。在采用独立悬架内弹簧的控制下，车轮就可以独立于其他自由的上下弹动了。驱动桥 为了安装好后边的车轮，用半轴套管将半轴在轮子被使用的时候开始通过合适的轴承来驱动后桥，在发动机和两个驱动车轮之间，为了促使驱动桥内的驱动齿轮提供最终转速，它在驱动桥中心的转速不断增大，这种方向改变的驱动放把前部和后部到排列成一条直线的传动轴的轴槽也是由这种部件提供的，它被称为后置驱动桥.差速器就是一种将发动机输出扭矩一分为二的装置，允许转向时输出两种不同的转速。在现代轿车，包括许多四轮驱动汽车上，都能找到差速器。这些四轮驱动车的每组车轮之间都需要差速器。同样，其两前轮和两后轮之间也需要一个 差速器。这是因为在汽车转弯时，前轮和后轮对比后轮，走过的距离是不相同的。部分四轮驱动车前后轮之间没有差速器。相反的，他们被固定联结在一起，以至于前后轮转向时能够以同样的平均转速转动。每个车轮都设有自己单独的半轴，通过差速器的差速齿轮连接到一起并在驱动桥的中心汇合，车轮都可以以不同的速度自由转动，虽然他们都靠不同的齿轮提供同样的驱动.制动器 控制或者阻止汽车运动，高效率的制动系统是汽车所不可缺少的，通过四个车轮起到刹车作用的部件有两种类型，最起初的类型，一对刹车片被固定在一个固定的板子上，被扩大然后连接到安装在轮子上旋转式的制动鼓上，这样可以控制到鼓的执行动作。在现代的刹车类型上，一对或者多对的垫片被放置在一个靠在车桥或者车轮支撑连接的卡钳上，被安装在轮胎上侧面的制动盘以用来紧紧的抓住这些垫片，通过在踏板施加压力来实现刹车。手动杠杆的作用是通过一个单独的连接来锁定定位器。在制动器的操作方面，无论是机械式的制动系统还是液压制动系统都可以被使用。机械式的制动系统需要通过机械传动和流体液压等过程进行液压制动来进行应用。传动轴和万向节 让变速器的输出轴连接到后桥，这个被使用的长轴被称之为传动轴，这个传动轴被一个管型套所密封或者被一个万向节所打开并装在每个万向节的末端，以用来通过因地面不同的变化而导致的各种形状的传动轴的连接的上下变化。万向节不能消除，即使有最终传动齿轮是安装在固定在车轮独立悬架的弹簧的车架上。即可以避免因路上的颠簸未对准而导致的汽车构造的变形，又可以保证没有它们的时候轴的准确性。为了阻止在不平坦的路面上产生的振动传输到汽车内部，这里在汽车的车桥上采用了弹簧用来支持汽车保证汽车行驶的平顺性。为了使垂直运动的车轮相对车架以及允许的部分轴在不同的角度进行运动,另外，越来越多的这样布置已经被应用推广。由驱动齿轮和差速器组成的一个系统在驱动桥壳轴管内通过车轮上的独立的并起弹簧作用的部件连接在车架上，这样能把轴和部件连接在一起的装置称为万向节.车轮 一共有四个轮子分别被安装在汽车底盘的下面，用以承载汽车和乘客的重量，同时也能够驱动汽车使汽车能够行驶。他们与橡胶轮胎相适应，橡胶轮胎中充满了由橡胶管在一定压力的有效压力下充入的空气，这个压力对承担负载是非常必 要的，这样来汽车轮胎内有了足够的压力足以用于装载运送东西，同时能够承受吸收由于路面不平整而产生的颠簸。凭借安装在轮子与车辆之间的钢板弹簧以及允许做垂直上下颠簸运动的车辆，在大部分的不均匀路面将会得到较好的行驶条件。当按曲线行驶的时候，内轮相对于外轮在转弯的时候不得不行驶短一些的距离，但是后边的两个车轮当他们连接到一个轴的时候将转动的速度将达到一致，通过两个车轮一起旋转通过在路面造成的轮胎过度磨损而将会导致其中的一个或两个轮子将会在路面上慢慢滑动，并会导致额外的车轮磨损以及轴上严重的扭转负荷。除此之外，两个车轮的完全相同的直径(即通常不是如此)能在同一个速度行驶的时候车轮没有打滑在一条笔直的路上。轮胎安装在两个对立面,可能会产生不同位置的磨损,甚至轮胎是相同的直径，但由不同或相同的制造商在实际尺寸上可能有所不同，或者未必完全相同。由于改变滚动半径(距车轮中心与地面)的有效尺寸，轮胎将因为不同的膨胀压力而改变大小。汽车性能的优劣不仅取决于组成汽车的各部件的性能，而且在很大程度上取决于各部件的协调和配合，取决于总体布置；总体设计水平的高低对汽车的设计质量、使用性能和产品的生命力起决定性的影响。