专升本英语语法与词汇(同名17775).doc

专升本英语语法与词汇(同名17775)

专升本英语语法与词汇.
第一章 时态

英语中谓语动词的时态(Tense)是一种动词的形式，不同的时态用以表示在不同的时间完成的动作或保持的状态。英语动词共有十六种时态，这里将重点讲解其中较常用的十种时态。
现以动词do为例，将英语十六种时态列表如下：

一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
完成进行时态
现在
do
does
am
is
are
doing
have
has
done
have
has
been doing
过去
did
was
were
doing
had done
had been doing
将来
shall
will
do
shall
will
be doing
shall
will
have done
shall
will
have been doing
过去
将来
would
do
would
be doing
would
have done
would
have been doing

一、一般现在时( The Present Indefinite Tense)
1. 用于表示客观事实, 现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态等,常与often, always, sometimes, usually, once a week, every day, seldom等时间状语连用。
【例句】
The earth revolves around the sun.
The students get up at six thirty every morning.
2. 表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常使用arrive, be, go, start, stay等动词。
【例句】
There is a dancing party tonight.
The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon.
3. 用在以as soon as, when, after, while, as, until, till, whenever, the monment, the
minute, immediately, directly等引导的时间状语从句中或以if, unless, as/so long as, in case, provided that等引导的条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。
【例句】
I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.
If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming.
The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed.
l 注：if条件句中，有will出现时，will是情态动词，意义为“愿意”，“肯”。

二、一般过去时( The Past Indefinite Tense)
一般过去时用于表示过去某时刻或某一时期内的动作或状态, 也可表示过去习惯性的动作。常与表明过去时间的状语连用,如yesterday, then, just now, last month, two days ago, in 1990, 或由when或while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。
【例句】
We met him last week.
Where did you live when you were young?
He used to do fourteen hours a day.
l 提示：一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。

三、一般将来时(The Future Indefinite Tense)
一般将来时用来表示将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。
【例句】
We shall (will) go to Nanjing tomorrow morning.
He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.
The students will have five English classes per week this term.
l 提示：表示将来时态的其他形式与用法：
1．“be going to +动词原形”表示（能看出迹象）很快就要发生的事情或打算要做的事。
It is going to rain.
2．“be to +动词原形”表示安排好的动作或安排别人去做的事。
They are to meet in front of the hall.
You are not to bring any materials to the exam room.
3．“be about to +动词原形”表示即将发生的或正要做的事。
The conference is about to begin.
4．“be +现在分词”有时可表示按计划即将发生的一个动作，但仅适用于少数的一些动词（如arrive, come, go, leave, start等）而且常跟表示较近将来的时间状语连用。
My friend is arriving here the day after tomorrow.
l 提示：在美国英语中第一、二、三人称都用“will+动词原形”

四、现在进行时（The Present Continuous Tense）
现在进行时表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。但表示后一种情况时，动作此刻不一定正在进行。
【例句】
We are making an experiment now.
Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing.
另外，现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。
【例句】
He is always cooking some delicious food for her family.
He is always finding fault with his employees.
l 提示：并非所有动词都有进行时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时，除非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有: be, love, like, hate, believe, think（认为）, feel, seem等。
【例句】
Do you see anyone over there?
Are you seeing someone off? （see… off 意为“为…送行”）

五、过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense)
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某阶段内正在发生或反复发生的动作。通常带有一个表示过去时间的状语或状语从句或能通过上下文判断的过去时间。
【例句】
We were having a preparatory meeting at two-thirty yesterday afternoon.
She was writing a composition when you came in.
Bill was coughing all night long.

六、将来进行时(The Future Continuous Tense)
将来进行时表示将来某时可能正在发生或持续的动作。
【例句】
I’ll be reading this time tomorrow.
Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.

七、现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)
现在完成时表示目前已完成或刚刚完成的动作，也可以表示从过去某一时刻发生，现在仍延续着的动作或情况。经常与for+一段时间或与since（+时间一点）引导的短语或从句连用，也可与一些表示不确定过去时间的副词连用，如already, before, ever, never, just, once, recently, yet, up to now, so far, thus far, up till/to now, in the last/past few years等。
【例句】
We have been to Shanghai once.
They have already finished the task.
He has studied English for more than 10 years.
He has studied English since 1991/ since he was twelve.
So far everything has been successful.

八、过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作。在时间上,它属于“过去的过去”。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语，如by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或状语从句。
【例句】
By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.
The plane had taken off before we got to the airport.
They found that a stream had formed in the field.
l 提示：在由after, as soon as, before等连词引导状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身已明确动作发生的次序，所以，这个从句也可以用一般过去时表示，不一定用过去完成时。
【例句】
Students went out after the bell rang.
I informed him of the progress of the work as soon as I arrived here.
l 提示：在It is/ was the first/second/last time that …句型中，that后的从句谓语用
现在/过去完成时。
【例句】
Is it the first time you’ve visited the city?
That was the second time that I’d visited England that year.

九、将来完成时(The Future Perfect Tense)
将来完成时表示将来某时前将已经完成的动作，也可以用来表示推测。
【例句】
By this time next year they will have built a hotel here.
Hurry up! Or the train will have left before we get to the station.

十、现在完成进行时(The Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始，一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止，也可能继续下去。但强调到说话时为止一直在进行的动作。
【例句】
They have been working for IBM for 15 years.
I have been waiting for an hour but she still hasn’t come.
有些动词如play, stay, study, teach, wait等，在表示一直继续到现在的动作时，可以用现在完成进行时，或用现在完成时。
Bill has played (has been playing) basketball since he was sixteen years old.
l 提示：现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是：前者强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响。后者强调动作的延续性。
【例句】
I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。
I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件事。

十一、考点
考试中出现最多的时态是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时，时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。针对这类题目，考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语，判断是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间？是短暂时间还是延续时间？其次要考虑主从句动作的先后问题。空格中应填入的动词是发生在题干动词之前还是之后，抑或同时发生，据此判断正确的时态。
l 时态一致问题
时态一致主要指主从复合句中，从句动词必须与主句谓语动词保持时态一致；当主句谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句的动词时态不受影响；当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句动词则要变成相应的过去时态。时态一致主要存在于宾语从句和间接引语中，如：
【例句】
Will you tell me who set the record?
I hadn’t expected that you would come so early.
She said that she hadn’t recognized me.
但是，当宾语从句和间接引语中谓语动作表示一个不变的事实或至今仍然如此的状况时，则可以不作任何时态调整，如：
Copernicus put forward that the sun, instead of the earth, is the center of the universe.
1.   第二章 语态

语态(Voice)是说明句子中的主语与谓语之间关系的动词形式。英语语态有两种：主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。

一、被动语态的形式：
由“be（助动词）+过去分词（及物动词）”构成。Be 随着主语的人称、时态和数的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表（以provide为例）：

一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
现在
am
is
are
provided
am
is
are
being provided
has
have
been provided
过去
was
were
provided
was
were
being provided
had been provided
将来
shall
will
be provided

shall
will
have been provided
过去
将来
would
be provided

would
have been provided

l 提示: 被动语态没有完成进行和将来进行时态。

二、被动语态的用法：
1．当动作的执行者不明确或无需指出时
【例句】
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
A lecture on English literature will be given tonight.
2．为了强调动作的承受者
【例句】
Four people were killed and thirty injured in the bomb attack.
Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.
3．为了修辞的需要
【例句】
He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.
Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.
l 提示:
1．除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词如call on, carry out, look after, deal with, take care of等也可使用被动态形式，短语动词应被视为不可分割的一部分，一般不拆开使用。
This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.
My younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma).
2．不及物动词（或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的动词（或短语动词）无被动态形式，如：happen, rise, occur, take place, break out等;以及lack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like等。
The story happened in 1949.
The committee consists of ten members.
3．将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到带有双宾语的动词如buy，give，send，show，teach，tell，write等，只能将其中之一变为主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变为主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。
主动句：We teach the students English in a new way.
被动句：The students are taught English in a new way.
English is taught to the students in a new way.

三、考点
在历年考试中，被动语态一般不作为单独的测试项目出现，都是与时态，虚拟语气，非谓语动词等语法项目一起出现。另外还要注意下列几种特殊的被动情况：
1．形式主动但意义被动的动词
一些动词的某些用法采用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的这类动词有sell, read, wash, wear, cut, spread, iron, open, peel等。
【例句】
His new book is selling badly.
The shop doesn’t open on Sundays.
These oranges peel well.
2．主动不定式代替被动不定式
1) 当不定式作表语形容词的补足成分时，主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式要用主动形式表被动意义。不定式的这种用法经常出现在形容词easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous等之后。
【例句】
Mary is easy to teach.
His theory is difficult to understand.
The river is dangerous to bathe in.
2) to blame（为发生的某种坏事承担责任）常以主动形式出现却表示被动含义。
【实例】
Nobody was to blame for the accident. 对于这起事故，谁也不能责怪。
The mother didn’t know who ____ for the broken glass.
A. blamed B. be blamed C. to blame D. would blame ( C ) （2002.1）
3．以主动的动名词形式表示被动含义。
1) 这一用法主要出现在表示“需要” 的动词need, want, require之后，多数情况下由事物充当其主语，偶尔可以由人作主语，动名词与句子主语之间有动宾关系，也可以用被动的不定式替代，而句子含义没有差别。
【实例】
The floor requires washing/ to be washed.
The house wanted repairing, unless he decided to move to the country.
The patient will need looking after.
Your hair wants ______. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut ( C ) (1997.6)
2) 在形容词worth（值得做某事，有做某事的价值）之后，并且worth 后的动词与句子主语之间有动宾关系。
【实例】
The book is worth reading.
What a lovely party! It’s worth ______ all my life.
A. remembering B. to remember
C. to be remembered D. being remembered ( A ) (2002.6)
 名词性从句

名词性从句(the noun clause)是在句中主要起名词作用的各类从句的统称，主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：从属连词that，if，whether；连接代词who，whoever，whom，whomever，which，whichever，what，whatever，whose；连接副词where，when，why，how。其中，从属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用，又在从句中充当一定的成分。
【例句】
That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. (that引导主语从句)
The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party. (that引导表语从句)
I don’t know if he will attend the meeting. (that引导宾语从句)
Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句)

一、主语从句
主语从句主要有三类：what等代词引导的主语从句；由连词that引导的主语从句；由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。

1．第一类主语从句的关联词what，实际上已成为关系代词(= the thing that)，它所引导的主语从句在结构上相当于名词加定语从句。除what外，whatever也可引出主语从句，含有强调语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语。
【例句】
They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall. 他们在森林里迷了路，更糟糕的是，夜幕开始降临。(what在从句中作主语)
Whatever we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teachers. 无论我们取得什么成绩都归功于老师的教导。(whatever在主语从句中作宾语=Anything that)
【例题】
Although ______ happened in that developed country sounds like science fiction, it could occur else where in the world.
A. which B. what C. how D. it
尽管那个发达国家发生的情况听起来像科学幻想似的，但在世界其他地区也有可能发生。答案B，what引导的从句作主语，表示”所……的东西(的情况)”。必须注意：what引导的从句是各类的重点，由于what引导的从句本身相当于—个名词后加上一个定语从句，所以，在what引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词。
【实例】
In some countries, ______ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A. which B. that C. what D. one (1995.6)
所谓”平等”在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都享有平等的权利。答案C。

2．由that引导的主语从句在多数情况下都放在句子后部，而用it作形式上的主语。口语中that常省略。如果放在句首主要是为了强调或为了使句子前后平衡。注意此时that不能省掉，前面也不能再加what。
【例句】
That he became a doctor may have been due to his father’s influence. 他成为医生可能是由于他父亲的影响。
It is well known that water is indispensable to life.
It’s a pity that you missed such a fine speech. 这样好的演讲你没听到真是可惜。
【例题】
How did it come about ______ you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?
A. which B. what C. that D. it
你的作业里出现了这么多错误，到底是怎么回事？本句中it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语，所以答案为C。
【实例】
______ men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.
A. What B. Those C. That D. Whether (1993)
人类从动物的行为中学到了很多东西，这并不是什么新论。 答案为C。

3．由连接代词(疑问代词who，whom，whose，which都可用作连接代词)和连接副词(如when，where，whether，how，why等)引出的主语从句放在句子后部时，前面用it作形式上的主语。从句放前或放后，意思基本上没有多大差别。不过whether(or not)引导的从句放在句首或句子后部都可以，而if仅可引出宾语从句，不能放在句首，也不能加or not。
【例句】
Whether (or not) he will go won’t make too much difference.
It won’t make too much difference whether (or not) he will go. 他去不去都一样。
Who will preside at the meeting remains unknown. 谁宋主持会议还不知道。
How she got wounded at work should be investigated. 她怎样在工作时受伤有待调查。
Why he did such a stupid thing is not known. 为什么他做出如此蠢事还不知道。
Where we should stay is a problem. 我们应该呆在哪里是一个问题。
It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet. 我们什么时候举行运动会仍是个问题。
Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.=It is uncertain whether/if he will attend the meeting. 他是否参加会议还不确定。
4．whoever也可引出主语从句，含有强调语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语。
【例句】
Whoever told you that was lying. 这件事不管是谁告诉你的都是骗人的。

二、宾语从句
在句子中充当宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。由what，when，where，how，which，why，who，whom，whether (if)及whatever，whoevef，whichever等引导。宾语从句可用作动词的宾语，介词的宾语，也可用在某些形容词短语如be sure，be certain，be afraid，be confident，be anxiuos，be convinced，be glad，be worried，be sorry，be annoyed，be pleased，be satisfied，be hurt，be content，be proud等的后面。
【例句】
He asked me what I wanted. 他问我想要什么。
I don’t know where the sound came from. 我不知道声音从哪儿传来。
I doubt whether/if they will be able to arrive here on time. 我不知道他们是否能按时到达这里。
I don’t care whether she will apologize to me or not. 我不介意她是否向我道歉。
In primitive societies, people ate whatever they could find. 在原始社会，人们吃他们所能找到的所有食物。
I’m not quite confident whether I can pass the graduate admission test this year. 我没有把握今年是否能通过研究生入学考试。
She is confident that she will win．她相信自己能获胜。
They are glad that you’ve succeeded in your plan．他们很高兴你的计划获得成功。
We are not sure whether he will come．我们不确信他能否来。
【例题】
We can’t understand ______ he avoided speaking to us.
A. which B. that C. why D. after
我们不明白他为什么不愿意和我们说话。这里，疑问词why引导的从句作understand的宾语，答案C。
【例题】
I am interested in ______ you have told me.
A. which B. all that C. all what D. that
我对你告诉我的一切都感兴趣。all在此句中是代词，意为“一切”、“全部”，作为主句谓语动词短语am interested in的宾语，that引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词all。all that意思等于what。C亦不正确，如前所述，由于what引导的从句本身相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句，所以，在what引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词。本题答案B。

l 说明：
1．在非正式文体中，that用于引导宾语从句时，引导词that常常可以省略。
【例句】
He said (that) he would never do such a thing. 他说他永远不会做那种事。
2．在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后面的宾语从句中，如果宾语从句的谓语动词是否定形式，通常要把否定词not转移到主句，而使从句谓语动词变成肯定形式。
【例句】
I don’t think your proposal is very feasible. 我认为你的提议不太可行。
3．如果宾语从句后面有宾语补语，为保持句子平衡，that引导的宾语从句一般要使用形式宾语it代替，而把真正的宾语从句放到宾语补语后面。
【例句】
He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
4．That引导的从句一般不可直接用作介词宾语，但可跟在带有先行词it作宾语的含有介词的动词短语之后。
【例句】
You can depend on it that we will keep this matter strictly confidential. 你尽可以放心，我们会对这件事情严格保密。
5．介词后面一般不跟that引起的宾语从句，仅在in，except，but，besides等少数几个介词后可跟that引导的宾语从句，已形成固定的搭配，inthat在于，but that要不是……，except that除了……besides that除了……之外，还……。
【例句】
We will provide assistance to whoever needs it. 我们将给任何需要的人提供帮助。
The old woman told her sufferings to whomever she met．那位老年妇女向任何她遇到的人诉说她的遭遇。
Don’t besatisfied with what you have achieved. 不要满足于你已取得的成就。
The new literature course differs from the old course in that the students aren’t required to attend lectures. 新文学课与旧的不同之处在于学生不要求参力口听课。
This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long. 除了裤子太长外，这套西装很合我身。
I would have come to see you but that I had something urgent to do then．若不是当时有些急事要办的话，我本来会来看你的。

三、表语从句
表语从句常常放在主句系动词后面，对主语的内容起解释、进一步阐明的作用。可以接表语从句的系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。常由that（通常不能省），whether，because，where，when，why，how，who及as if／asthough等引导表语从句。
【例句】
One advantage of solar energy