2023年医学考博真题.doc

Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva _no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. Customs B. Congresses C. Conventions D. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to _acid rain.A. curb B. sue C. detoxify D. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen_, and it will not be a long process. A. spontaneously B. simultaneously C. principally D. approximately 34. Diabetes is one of the most_ and potentially dangerous disease in the world. A. crucial B. virulent C. colossal D. prevalent 35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to _the problem.A. affiliate B. alleviate C. aggravate D. accelerate36. How is it possible that such_ deception has come to take place right under our noses?A. obvious B. significant C. necessary D. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from _on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configuration B. constitution C. condemnation D. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have _effects on bones.A. adverse B. prevalent C. instant D. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrate B. designate C. generate D. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving _ to our anger.A. vent B. impulse C. temper D. offenceSection B41. The patients condition has worsened since last night.A. improved B. returned C. deteriorated D. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when its lit up.A. decorated B. illustrated C. illuminated D. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. ameliorated B. aggregated C. deteriorated D. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficient B. plentiful C. adequate D. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficit B. deviation C. draw back D. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successor B. replacement C. surrogate D. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancient B. carefullyC. very large D. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremely B. exclusively C. exactly D. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupied B. unwary C. watchful D. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. wavered B. instigated C. experimented D. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 it helps us understand a person emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Childrens Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.Looking at someones eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in childrenso, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two womens faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces. The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds thatover timechildren may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short time D. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion. But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alonefar from it.Certainty, Bowlbys analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childrens development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation_.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlbys concern_.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. Whats the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The childrens unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on childrens development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since its practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They dont know about day cares negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. Whats the authors attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlbys work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlbys proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesnt totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesnt quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves. Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canadas North are important to the countrys future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. Animals behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years, ” says Moore, Animals cant change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the studywhich involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and theyre easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will _.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study _. A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals cant change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widesprea